{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:40:30Z","timestamp":1791420030421,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2044,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), used in manufacturing coatings and resins, leach from packaging materials into food. Numerous studies suggested that BPA and BADGE may have adverse effects on human health, including the possibility that exposure to such chemicals can be superimposed on traditional risk factors to initiate or exacerbate the development of obesity. BPA is a suspected obesogen, whereas BADGE, described as a peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) antagonist, could reduce weight gain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We sought to test the adipogenic effects of BADGE in a biologically relevant cell culture model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used multipotent mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) to study the adipogenic capacity of BADGE and BPA and evaluated their effects on adipogenesis, osteogenesis, gene expression, and nuclear receptor activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Discussion: BADGE induced adipogenesis in human and mouse MSCs, as well as in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In contrast, BPA failed to promote adipogenesis in MSCs, but induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. BADGE exposure elicited an adipogenic gene expression profile, and its ability to induce adipogenesis and the expression of adipogenic genes was not blocked by known PPAR\u03b3 antagonists. Neither BADGE nor BPA activated or antagonized retinoid \u201cX\u201d receptor (RXR) or PPAR\u03b3 in transient transfection assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: BADGE can induce adipogenic differentiation in both MSCs and in preadipocytes at low nanomolar concentrations comparable to those that have been observed in limited human biomonitoring. BADGE probably acts through a mechanism that is downstream of, or parallel to, PPAR\u03b3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,25]],"date-time":"2012-05-25T00:01:03Z","timestamp":1337904063000},"page":"984-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether Induces Adipogenic Differentiation of Multipotent Stromal Stem Cells through a Peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor Gamma-Independent Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Chamorro-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Janesick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610035675300_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.06.022","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states 3. Adipogenesis: from stem cell to fat cell.","volume":"56","author":"Avram","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610035675300_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039809374688","article-title":"Food contamination from epoxy resins and organosols used as can coatings: analysis by gradient NPLC.","volume":"15","author":"Biedermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610035675300_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703628","article-title":"Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a PPAR\u03b3 agonist in an ECV304 cell line.","volume":"131","author":"Bishop-Bailey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610035675300_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.01.006","article-title":"Migration of BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl-ether) and BFDGE (bisphenol F diglycidyl-ether) in canned seafood.","volume":"46","author":"Cabado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080610035675300_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753","article-title":"Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003\u20132004.","volume":"116","author":"Calafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610035675300_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/92.6.1780","article-title":"Levels of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned liquid infant formula products in Canada and dietary intake estimates.","volume":"92","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610035675300_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/00498258109045851","article-title":"Metabolism of the epoxy resin component 2,2-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]propane, the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBPA) in the mouse. Part II. Identification of metabolites in urine and faeces following a single oral dose of 14C-DGEBPA.","volume":"11","author":"Climie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610035675300_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2004.17.5.829034","article-title":"Contribution of pathogens in human obesity.","volume":"17","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610035675300_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement.","volume":"30","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610035675300_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl103","article-title":"The ToxCast program for prioritizing toxicity testing of environmental chemicals.","volume":"95","author":"Dix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080610035675300_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.47.1778","article-title":"Retinoid X receptor-antagonistic diazepinylbenzoic acids.","volume":"47","author":"Ebisawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2026080610035675300_micit12","unstructured":"Environmental Working Group\n          . 2005. 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