{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:20:41Z","timestamp":1790680841002,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1989,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs have been linked to adverse neurodevelopment in animals and humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We investigated the association between breast milk PBDE levels and social and emotional development in toddlers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: The Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition (PIN) and PIN Babies studies followed a cohort of North Carolina pregnant women and their children through 36 months of age. Breast milk samples obtained at 3 months postpartum were analyzed for PBDEs. The Infant\u2013Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) was completed by mothers when children were approximately 30 months of age (n = 222). We assessed the relationship between breast milk concentrations of five PBDE congeners\u2014BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, and 153\u2014and children\u2019s social and emotional development, adjusting for other factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: A small, imprecise, yet consistent positive association was apparent between BDEs 47, 99, and 100 and increased externalizing behaviors, specifically activity\/impulsivity behaviors. Externalizing domain T-scores ranged from 30 to 87 with a mean of 47.8. Compared with those with BDE-47 concentrations below the median, adjusted externalizing behavior domain scores were 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u20131.2, 4.4] and 2.8 (95% CI \u20130.1, 5.7) points higher for children born to women with breast milk concentrations in the 3rd and 4th quartiles, respectively. PBDEs were not associated with other social and emotional developmental domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our results, although imprecise, suggest a subtle association between early-life PBDE exposure and increased activity\/impulsivity behaviors in early childhood. Confirmation of these results is needed in other longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T18:24:27Z","timestamp":1342722267000},"page":"1438-1442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Lactational Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Its Relation to Social and Emotional Development among Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Adgent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara Davis","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute and Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sj\u00f6din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division for Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610035598800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00078-5","article-title":"Effects of perinatal exposure to a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 99) on mouse neurobehavioural development.","volume":"23","author":"Branchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610035598800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.11.005","article-title":"Early developmental exposure to BDE 99 or Aroclor 1254 affects neurobehavioural profile: interference from the administration route.","volume":"26","author":"Branchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit3","article-title":"Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.","author":"Caldwell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Little Rock, AR:University of Arkansas"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit4","article-title":"ITSEA: Infant\u2013Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment Examiner\u2019s Manual.","author":"Carter","year":"2006","journal-title":"San Antonio, TX:PsychCor\/Harcourt Assessments, Inc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610035598800_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025449031360","article-title":"The Infant\u2013Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): factor structure, reliability, and validity.","volume":"31","author":"Carter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610035598800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.08.007","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.","volume":"28","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900759","article-title":"Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U.S. human milk samples.","volume":"118","author":"Daniels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit8","first-page":"49","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.","volume":"109(suppl 1)","author":"Darnerud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900817","article-title":"Diet contributes significantly to the body burden of PBDEs in the general U.S. population.","volume":"117","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610035598800_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2007.11.001","article-title":"Acute postnatal exposure to brominated diphenylether 47 delays neuromotor ontogeny and alters motor activity in mice.","volume":"30","author":"Gee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5946","article-title":"Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol.","volume":"111","author":"Guvenius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901340","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment.","volume":"118","author":"Herbstman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610035598800_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1021\/es035082g","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.","volume":"38","author":"Hites","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026080610035598800_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1021\/es100697q","article-title":"Relationships between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in house dust and serum.","volume":"44","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610035598800_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068","article-title":"An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States.","volume":"76","author":"Johnson-Restrepo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610035598800_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.11.074","article-title":"Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ethers levels in paired South Korean cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk samples.","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7421","article-title":"Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring.","volume":"113","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080610035598800_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1021\/es1009357","article-title":"Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers.","volume":"44","author":"Lunder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6146","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples.","volume":"111","author":"Mazdai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610035598800_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/es1019614","article-title":"Partition of environmental chemcials between maternal and fetal blood and tissues.","volume":"45","author":"Needham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit21","unstructured":"PIN\n          . 2011. PIN\u2014Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study.Available: http:\/\/www.cpc.unc.edu\/projects\/pin [accessed 17 November 2011]."},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901015","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age.","volume":"117","author":"Roze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080610035598800_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016","article-title":"Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers.","volume":"78","author":"Schecter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit24","article-title":"From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development","author":"Shonkoff JP, Phillips D","year":"2000"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026080610035598800_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0495384","article-title":"Semiautomated high-throughput extraction and cleanup method for the measurement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk.","volume":"76","author":"Sj\u00f6din","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610035598800_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00108-9","article-title":"A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants\u2013particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers.","volume":"29","author":"Sj\u00f6din","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026080610035598800_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900596","article-title":"Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2\u20135 years of age) than in infants and adults.","volume":"117","author":"Toms","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610035598800_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00217-5","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice.","volume":"192","author":"Viberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610035598800_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1021\/es0620282","article-title":"Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations.","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/10\/1438\/66444232\/ehp.1205100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/10\/1438\/66444232\/ehp.1205100.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:53:39Z","timestamp":1786629219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1205100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1205100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]]}}}