{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:44:38Z","timestamp":1786632278211,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1866,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Anogenital distance in animals is used as a measure of fetal androgen action. Prenatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in rodents causes reproductive changes in male offspring and decreases anogenital distance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We assessed whether in utero exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds adversely influences anogenital distance in newborns and young children (median age, 16 months; range, 1\u201331 months).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We measured anogenital distance among participants of the \u201cRhea\u201d mother\u2013child cohort study in Crete and the Hospital del Mar (HMAR) cohort in Barcelona. Anogenital distance (AGD; anus to upper penis), anoscrotal distance (ASD; anus to scrotum), and penis width (PW) were measured in 119 newborn and 239 young boys; anoclitoral (ACD; anus to clitoris) and anofourchetal distance (AFD; anus to fourchette) were measured in 118 newborn and 223 young girls. We estimated plasma dioxin-like activity in maternal blood samples collected at delivery with the Dioxin-Responsive Chemically Activated LUciferase eXpression (DR CALUX\u00ae) bioassay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Anogenital distances were sexually dimorphic, being longer in males than females. Plasma dioxin-like activity was negatively associated with AGD in male newborns. The estimated change in AGD per 10 pg CALUX\u00ae\u2013toxic equivalent\/g lipid increase was \u20130.44 mm (95% CI: \u20130.80, \u20130.08) after adjusting for confounders. Negative but smaller and nonsignificant associations were observed for AGD in young boys. No associations were found in girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Male infants may be susceptible to endocrine-disrupting effects of dioxins. Our findings are consistent with the experimental animal evidence used by the Food and Agriculture Organization\/World Health Organization to set recommendations for human dioxin intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T12:13:43Z","timestamp":1353413623000},"page":"125-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["<i>In Utero<\/i>\n                    Exposure to Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds and Anogenital Distance in Newborns and Infants"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Vafeiadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Spain"},{"name":"Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Agramunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Parc de Salut Mar, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Spain"},{"name":"Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrie","family":"Besselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodetection Systems B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kleopatra","family":"Mathianaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polyxeni","family":"Karakosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Spanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venizeleio Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, 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