{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:46:37Z","timestamp":1790181997325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1702,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Metal content in lip products has been an issue of concern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We measured lead and eight other metals in a convenience sample of 32 lip products used by young Asian women in Oakland, California, and assessed potential health risks related to estimated intakes of these metals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We analyzed lip products by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and used previous estimates of lip product usage rates to determine daily oral intakes. We derived acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) based on information used to determine public health goals for exposure, and compared ADIs with estimated intakes to assess potential risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Most of the tested lip products contained high concentrations of titanium and aluminum. All examined products had detectable manganese. Lead was detected in 24 products (75%), with an average concentration of 0.36 \u00b1 0.39 ppm, including one sample with 1.32 ppm. When used at the estimated average daily rate, estimated intakes were &amp;gt; 20% of ADIs derived for aluminum, cadmium, chromium, and manganese. In addition, average daily use of 10 products tested would result in chromium intake exceeding our estimated ADI for chromium. For high rates of product use (above the 95th percentile), the percentages of samples with estimated metal intakes exceeding ADIs were 3% for aluminum, 68% for chromium, and 22% for manganese. Estimated intakes of lead were &amp;lt; 20% of ADIs for average and high use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Cosmetics safety should be assessed not only by the presence of hazardous contents, but also by comparing estimated exposures with health-based standards. In addition to lead, metals such as aluminum, cadmium, chromium, and manganese require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]],"date-time":"2013-05-03T08:18:40Z","timestamp":1367569120000},"page":"705-710","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Concentrations and Potential Health Risks of Metals in Lip Products"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Sa","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Katharine","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Rojas-Cheatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice,* Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit1","first-page":"16360","article-title":"Evaluation of the concentration of toxic metals in cosmetic products in Nigeria.","volume":"11","author":"Adepoju-Bello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8033","article-title":"Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure.","volume":"113","author":"\u00c5kesson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2011.582040","article-title":"Trace metals in lipsticks.","volume":"93","author":"Al-Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Chem"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2009.02.005","article-title":"Assessment of lead in cosmetic products.","volume":"54","author":"Al-Saleh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit5","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).\n          \n          2008a. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium (Draft for Public Comment).Available: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp.asp?id=48&tid=15 [accessed 30 June 2010]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit6","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).\n          \n          2008b. Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft for Public Comment).Available: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp.asp?id=62&tid=17 [accessed 1 August 2012]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit7","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).\n          \n          2008c. 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Public Health Goal for Aluminum In Drinking Water.Available: http:\/\/www.oehha.ca.gov\/water\/phg\/pdf\/Aluminumf.pdf [accessed 19 October 2012]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit12","unstructured":"Cal\/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency).\n          \n          2001b. Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water: Nickel.Available: http:\/\/www.oehha.ca.gov\/water\/phg\/pdf\/nickel82001.pdf [accessed 19 October 2012]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit13","unstructured":"Cal\/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency).\n          \n          2006. Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water: Cadmium.Available: http:\/\/oehha.ca.gov\/water\/phg\/pdf\/122206cadmiumphg.pdf [accessed 19 October 2012]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit14","unstructured":"Cal\/EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency).\n          \n          2008a. Appendix D. 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Childhood Lead Poisoning and the Environment.Available: http:\/\/ephtracking.cdc.gov\/showLeadPoisoningEnv.action [accessed 17 March 2013]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit21","first-page":"283","article-title":"Respiratory function in cadmium battery workers\u2014a follow-up study.","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490310061010","article-title":"Chronic manganese intoxication.","volume":"30","author":"Cook","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.931","article-title":"Manganese toxicity upon overexposure.","volume":"17","author":"Crossgrove","year":"2004","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91474-2","article-title":"Cadmium fume inhalation and emphysema.","volume":"1","author":"Davison","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x","article-title":"Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders?","volume":"101","author":"De Cock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104052","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products.","volume":"120","author":"Dodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit27","unstructured":"FDA (Food and Drug Administration).\n          \n          2005. Guidance for Industry Lead in Candy Likely to be Consumed Frequently by Small Children: Recommended Maximum Level and Enforcement Policy.Available: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/ChemicalContaminantsMetalsNaturalToxinsPesticides\/ucm077904.htm [accessed 2 August 2012]."},{"key":"2026080314072391800_micit28","unstructured":"FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration).\n          \n          2011. 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