{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:37:37Z","timestamp":1789587457036,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1655,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Microcirculation plays an important role in the physiology of cardiovascular health. Air pollution is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, but the number of studies on the relation between air pollution and the microcirculation is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We examined the relationship between short-term changes in air pollution and microvascular changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We measured retinal microvasculature using fundus image analysis in a panel of 84 healthy adults (52% female), 22\u201363 years of age, during January\u2013May 2012. Blood vessels were measured as central retinal arteriolar\/venular equivalent (CRAE\/CRVE), with a median of 2 measurements (range, 1\u20133). We used monitoring data on particulate air pollution (PM10) and black carbon (BC). Mixed-effect models were used to estimate associations between CRAE\/CRVE and exposure to PM10 and BC using various exposure windows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: CRAE and CRVE were associated with PM10 and BC concentrations, averaged over the 24 hr before the retinal examinations. Each 10-\u00b5g\/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 0.93-\u00b5m decrease (95% CI: \u20131.42, \u20130.45; p = 0.0003) in CRAE and a 0.86-\u00b5m decrease (95% CI: \u20131.42, \u20130.30; p = 0.004) in CRVE after adjusting for individual characteristics and time varying conditions such as ambient temperature. Each 1-\u00b5g\/m3 increase in BC was associated with a 1.84-\u00b5m decrease (95% CI: \u20133.18, \u20130.51; p &amp;lt; 0.001) in CRAE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the retinal microvasculature responds to short-term changes in air pollution levels. These results support a mechanistic pathway through which air pollution can act as a trigger of cardiovascular events at least in part through effects on the microvasculature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Louwies T, Int Panis L, Kicinski M, De Boever P, Nawrot TS. 2013. Retinal microvascular responses to short-term changes in particulate air pollution in healthy adults. Environ Health Perspect 121:1011\u20131016;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1205721<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T15:07:34Z","timestamp":1371568054000},"page":"1011-1016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Tijs","family":"Louwies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc Int","family":"Panis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Transportation Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kicinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Boever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, and"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000372.","article-title":"Air Pollution and the microvasculature: a cross-sectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population-based Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).","volume":"7","author":"Adar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-19.","article-title":"Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions.","volume":"7","author":"Barath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000013838.94747.64.","article-title":"Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults.","volume":"105","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1.","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.029.","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar narrowing and left ventricular remodeling: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.","volume":"50","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21236.","article-title":"Arterial compliance and retinal vascular caliber in cerebrovascular disease.","volume":"62","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1627OC.","article-title":"The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults.","volume":"176","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401.","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities.","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.03.020.","article-title":"Personal exposure to black carbon in transport microenvironments.","volume":"55","author":"Dons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.076.","article-title":"Street characteristics and traffic factors determining road users\u2019 exposure to black carbon.","volume":"447","author":"Dons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit11","article-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis","volume-title":"New York: Springer-Verlag","author":"Harrell FE Jr.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103647.","article-title":"Opposing effects of particle pollution, ozone, and ambient temperature on arterial blood pressure.","volume":"120","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800362.","article-title":"Chronic residential exposure to particulate matter air pollution and systemic inflammatory markers.","volume":"117","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90525-0","article-title":"Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension\/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.","volume":"106","author":"Hubbard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.003.","article-title":"Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons.","volume":"117","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900942.","article-title":"Air pollution\u2013related prothrombotic changes in persons with diabetes.","volume":"118","author":"Jacobs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H716","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00776.2005.","article-title":"Venular endothelium-derived NO can affect paired arteriole: a computational model","volume":"290","author":"Kavdia M, Popel AS.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.3.143.16049","article-title":"Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters.","volume":"27","author":"Knudtson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3101.091158.","article-title":"Microcirculation in hypertension: a new target for treatment?","volume":"104","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0672.","article-title":"Measurement of retinal vascular caliber: issues and alternatives to using the arteriole to venule ratio.","volume":"48","author":"Liew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.784876.","article-title":"Retinal vascular imaging: a new tool in microvascular disease research.","volume":"1","author":"Liew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.12.43.","article-title":"From particles to patients: oxidative stress and the cardiovascular effects of air pollution.","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I52","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.18.3_Suppl.I52","article-title":"Are vascular abnormalities a primary cause or secondary consequence of hypertension?","volume":"18","author":"Mulvany","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62296-9.","article-title":"Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment.","volume":"377","author":"Nawrot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.044263.","article-title":"Stronger associations between daily mortality and fine particulate air pollution in summer than in winter: evidence from a heavily polluted region in western Europe.","volume":"61","author":"Nawrot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581017.","article-title":"Retinal vascular manifestations of metabolic disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7001.","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure impairs systemic microvascular endothelium-dependent dilation.","volume":"112","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8413.","article-title":"Systemic microvascular dysfunction and inflammation after pulmonary particulate matter exposure.","volume":"114","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pulmonary particulate matter and systemic microvascular dysfunction.","volume":"164","author":"Nurkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328308da66.","article-title":"European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de LP, Imai Y, et al.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301505.","article-title":"An epidemiological appraisal of the association between heart rate variability and particulate air pollution: a meta-analysis.","volume":"98","author":"Pieters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit32","first-page":"1706","article-title":"Autoregulation of human retinal blood flow. An investigation with laser Doppler velocimetry.","volume":"27","author":"Riva","year":"1986","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.10.1968.","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation\u2014is there a link?","volume":"16","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.070.","article-title":"Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease.","volume":"96","author":"Tedeschi-Reiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200606-872OC.","article-title":"Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation.","volume":"176","author":"Tornqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34663-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hypertensive retinopathy.","volume":"89","author":"Tso","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548743.","article-title":"Ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in five European cities.","volume":"112","author":"von Klot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn100.","article-title":"The long-term relation among retinal arteriolar narrowing, blood pressure, and incident severe hypertension.","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1997.10464074","article-title":"Fine particles and coarse particles: concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies.","volume":"47","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1539.","article-title":"Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2388.","article-title":"Quantitative retinal venular caliber and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the Cardiovascular Health Study.","volume":"166","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06253-5.","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.","volume":"358","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-4-200402170-00006.","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar diameter and risk for hypertension.","volume":"140","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1153.","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.","volume":"287","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.039.","article-title":"Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors.","volume":"111","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60198-6.","article-title":"The eye in hypertension.","volume":"369","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104812.","article-title":"Blood pressure changes and chemical constituents of particulate air pollution: results from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) study.","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080601011716000_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5712","article-title":"The temporal pattern of respiratory and heart disease mortality in response to air pollution.","volume":"111","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/121\/9\/1011\/66427338\/ehp.1205721.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/121\/9\/1011\/66427338\/ehp.1205721.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1786628624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1205721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1205721","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]]}}}