{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:19:09Z","timestamp":1792898349719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1760,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Residential pesticide exposure has been linked to adverse health outcomes in adults and children. High-quality exposure estimates are critical for confirming these associations. Past epidemiologic studies have used one measurement of pesticide concentrations in carpet dust to characterize an individual\u2019s average long-term exposure. If concentrations vary over time, this approach could substantially misclassify exposure and attenuate risk estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We assessed the repeatability of pesticide concentrations in carpet dust samples and the potential attenuation bias in epidemiologic studies relying on one sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We collected repeated carpet dust samples (median = 3; range, 1\u20137) from 21 homes in Fresno County, California, during 2003\u20132005. Dust was analyzed for 13 pesticides using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. We used mixed-effects models to estimate between- and within-home variance. For each pesticide, we computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the estimated attenuation of regression coefficients in a hypothetical case\u2013control study collecting a single dust sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The median ICC was 0.73 (range, 0.37\u20130.95), demonstrating higher between-home than within-home variability for most pesticides. The expected magnitude of attenuation bias associated with using a single dust sample was estimated to be \u2264 30% for 7 of the 13 compounds evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: For several pesticides studied, use of one dust sample to represent an exposure period of approximately 2 years would not be expected to substantially attenuate odds ratios. Further study is needed to determine if our findings hold for longer exposure periods and for other pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T08:30:57Z","timestamp":1362990657000},"page":"565-571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Temporal Variability of Pesticide Concentrations in Homes and Implications for Attenuation Bias in Epidemiologic Studies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Deziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd P.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Gunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Nuckols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810452316800_micit1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry\n          . 1994. 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