{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1793681985770,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1659,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Previous studies of prenatal exposure to drinking-water nitrate and birth defects in offspring have not accounted for water consumption patterns or potential interaction with nitrosatable drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We examined the relation between prenatal exposure to drinking-water nitrate and selected birth defects, accounting for maternal water consumption patterns and nitrosatable drug exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: With data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, we linked addresses of 3,300 case mothers and 1,121 control mothers from the Iowa and Texas sites to public water supplies and respective nitrate measurements. We assigned nitrate levels for bottled water from collection of representative samples and standard laboratory testing. Daily nitrate consumption was estimated from self-reported water consumption at home and work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: With the lowest tertile of nitrate intake around conception as the referent group, mothers of babies with spina bifida were 2.0 times more likely (95% CI: 1.3, 3.2) to ingest \u2265 5 mg nitrate daily from drinking water (vs. &amp;lt; 0.91 mg) than control mothers. During 1 month preconception through the first trimester, mothers of limb deficiency, cleft palate, and cleft lip cases were, respectively, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.1), 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2, 3.1), and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.1) times more likely than control mothers to ingest \u2265 5.42 mg of nitrate daily (vs. &amp;lt; 1.0 mg). Higher water nitrate intake did not increase associations between prenatal nitrosatable drug use and birth defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Higher water nitrate intake was associated with several birth defects in offspring, but did not strengthen associations between nitrosatable drugs and birth defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Brender JD, Weyer PJ, Romitti PA, Mohanty BP, Shinde MU, Vuong AM, Sharkey JR, Dwivedi D, Horel SA, Kantamneni J, Huber JC Jr., Zheng Q, Werler MM, Kelley KE, Griesenbeck JS, Zhan FB, Langlois PH, Suarez L, Canfield MA, and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2013. Prenatal nitrate intake from drinking water and selected birth defects in offspring of participants in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Environ Health Perspect 121:1083\u20131089; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1206249<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T16:14:54Z","timestamp":1371226494000},"page":"1083-1089","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Prenatal Nitrate Intake from Drinking Water and Selected Birth Defects in Offspring of Participants in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Jean D.","family":"Brender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Weyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binayak P.","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayura U.","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipankar","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Horel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiji","family":"Kantamneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John C.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Werler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Griesenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III Marine Expeditionary Force, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Benjamin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucina","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Canfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026080601010660500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7835-x","article-title":"Calculating measures of biological interaction.","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080601010660500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1988.9935846","article-title":"Water nitrates and CNS birth defects: a population-based case-control study.","volume":"43","author":"Arbuckle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080601010660500_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2006.09.003","article-title":"Genotoxic and carcinogenic risk to humans of drug-nitrite interaction products.","volume":"635","author":"Brambilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080601010660500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20808","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of nitrosatable drug use among U.S. women during early pregnancy.","volume":"91","author":"Brender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080601010660500_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000121381.79831.7b","article-title":"Dietary nitrites and nitrates, nitrosatable drugs, and neural tube defects.","volume":"15","author":"Brender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080601010660500_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr254","article-title":"Nitrosatable drug exposure during early pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: National Birth Defects Prevention Study.","volume":"174","author":"Brender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080601010660500_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23060","article-title":"Nitrosatable drug exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy and selected congenital malformations.","volume":"94","author":"Brender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080601010660500_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4362","article-title":"Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects.","volume":"89","author":"Cedergren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080601010660500_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/121.5.737","article-title":"N-nitroso compounds and human cancer. 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