{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:57:32Z","timestamp":1792429052583,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1507,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Although urban air pollution is a complex mix containing multiple constituents, studies of the health effects of long-term exposure often focus on a single pollutant as a proxy for the entire mixture. A better understanding of the component pollutant concentrations and interrelationships would be useful in epidemiological studies that exploit spatial differences in exposure by clarifying the extent to which measures of individual pollutants, particularly nitrogen dioxide (NO2), represent spatial patterns in the multipollutant mixture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We examined air pollutant concentrations and interrelationships at the intraurban scale to obtain insight into the nature of the urban mixture of air pollutants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Mobile measurements of 23 air pollutants were taken systematically at high resolution in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, over 34 days in the winter, summer, and autumn of 2009.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: We observed variability in pollution levels and in the statistical correlations between different pollutants according to season and neighborhood. Nitrogen oxide species (nitric oxide, NO2, nitrogen oxides, and total oxidized nitrogen species) had the highest overall spatial correlations with the suite of pollutants measured. Ultrafine particles and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol concentration, a derived measure used as a specific indicator of traffic particles, also had very high correlations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the multipollutant mix varies considerably throughout the city, both in time and in space, and thus, no single pollutant would be a perfect proxy measure for the entire mix under all circumstances. However, based on overall average spatial correlations with the suite of pollutants measured, nitrogen oxide species appeared to be the best available indicators of spatial variation in exposure to the outdoor urban air pollutant mixture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Levy I, Mihele C, Lu G, Narayan J, Brook JR. 2014. Evaluating multipollutant exposure and urban air quality: pollutant interrelationships, neighborhood variability, and nitrogen dioxide as a proxy pollutant. Environ Health Perspect 122:65\u201372;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1306518<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T12:04:37Z","timestamp":1384344277000},"page":"65-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Evaluating Multipollutant Exposure and Urban Air Quality: Pollutant Interrelationships, Neighborhood Variability, and Nitrogen Dioxide as a Proxy Pollutant"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Ilan","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Mihele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2246","article-title":"Wintertime radiation and energy budget along an urbanization gradient in Montreal, Canada.","volume":"32","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.11.004","article-title":"Estimating the health effects of exposure to multi-pollutant mixture.","volume":"22","author":"Billionnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500626","article-title":"Further interpretation of the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide observed in Canadian time-series studies.","volume":"17","author":"Brook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002221","article-title":"Postmenopausal breast cancer is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollution in Montreal, Canada: a case\u2013control study.","volume":"118","author":"Crouse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobbin NA, Wheeler AJ, Smargiassi A, Bartlett S, Liu L, Shutt R, et al.\n          \n          2011. Lung inflammation among children with asthma exposed to industrial and traffic pollution [Abstract 936]. In: 23rd Annual Conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), 13\u201316 September 2011, Barcelona, Spain.Available: http:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/isee\/PDF\/isee11Abstract00936.pdf [accessed 3 December 2013].","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2011.00936"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities.","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8","article-title":"Protecting human health from air pollution.","volume":"21","author":"Dominici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit8","unstructured":"Environment Canada.\n          \n          2008. National Pollutant Release Inventory. Tracking Pollution in Canada.Available: http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/inrp-npri\/ [accessed 27 September 2010]."},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit9","unstructured":"Gagnon C, Bessette C, Boulet D, Garneau Y, Paquette P, Mallet R.\n          \n          2007. Air Quality in Montr\u00e9al. 2007 Annual Report, City of Montr\u00e9al.Available: http:\/\/ville.montreal.qc.ca\/pls\/portal\/docs\/page\/enviro_fr\/media\/documents\/rsqa_2007_en.pdf [accessed 3 December 2013]."},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit10","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute.\n          \n          2010. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. Special Report 17.Available: http:\/\/pubs.healtheffects.org\/view.php?id=334 [accessed 3 December 2013]."},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11533","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution and mortality in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.","volume":"117","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11761","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11761-2011","article-title":"Novel application of satellite and in-situ measurements to map surface-level NO2 in the Great Lakes region.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31585","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-12-31585-2012","article-title":"Elucidating multipollutant exposure across a complex metropolitan area by systematic deployment of a mobile laboratory.","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys Discuss"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.07.051","article-title":"Local and transported pollution over San Diego, California.","volume":"39","author":"Luria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.068","article-title":"The role of ambient temperature for particle number concentrations in a street canyon.","volume":"41","author":"Olivares","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.073","article-title":"Pragmatic estimation of a spatio-temporal air quality model with irregular monitoring data.","volume":"45","author":"Sampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800010","article-title":"Risk of asthmatic episodes in children exposed to sulfur dioxide stack emissions from a refinery point source in Montreal, Canada.","volume":"117","author":"Smargiassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit18","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.\n          \n          2010. Households and the Environment: Energy Use, 2007. Catalog no. 11-526-S.Available: http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-526-s\/11-526-s2010001-eng.htm [accessed 3 December 2013]."},{"key":"2026080602013447100_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2925-x","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and insulin resistance in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts.","volume":"56","author":"Thiering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/122\/1\/65\/66428664\/ehp.1306518.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/122\/1\/65\/66428664\/ehp.1306518.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:46:29Z","timestamp":1786628789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1306518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1306518","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]}}}