{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:35:05Z","timestamp":1786631705068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1302,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Lead (Pb) exposure may influence the plasma concentration of homocysteine, a one-carbon metabolite associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Little is known about the associations between Pb and homocysteine over time, or the potential influence of dietary factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We examined the longitudinal association of recent and cumulative Pb exposure with homocysteine concentrations and the potential modifying effect of dietary nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: In a subcohort of the Veterans Affairs (VA) Normative Aging Study (1,056 men with 2,301 total observations between 1993 and 2011), we used mixed-effects models to estimate differences in repeated measures of total plasma homocysteine across concentrations of Pb in blood and tibia bone, assessing recent and cumulative Pb exposure, respectively. We also assessed effect modification by dietary intake and plasma concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: An interquartile range (IQR) increment in blood Pb (3 \u03bcg\/dL) was associated with a 6.3% higher homocysteine concentration (95% CI: 4.8, 7.8%). An IQR increment in tibia bone Pb (14 \u03bcg\/g) was associated with a 3.7% higher homocysteine (95% CI: 1.6, 5.6%), which was attenuated to 1.5% (95% CI: \u20130.5, 3.6%) after adjusting for blood Pb. For comparison, a 5-year increase in time from baseline was associated with a 5.7% increase in homocysteine (95% CI: 4.3, 7.1%). The association between blood Pb and homocysteine was significantly stronger among participants with estimated dietary intakes of vitamin B6 and folate below (vs. above) the study population medians, which were similar to the U.S. recommended dietary allowance intakes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Pb exposure was positively associated with plasma homocysteine concentration. This association was stronger among men with below-median dietary intakes of vitamins B6 and folate. These findings suggest that increasing intake of folate and B6 might reduce Pb-associated increases in homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Bakulski KM, Park SK, Weisskopf MG, Tucker KL, Sparrow D, Spiro A III, Vokonas PS, Nie LH, Hu H, Weuve J. 2014. Lead exposure, B vitamins, and plasma homocysteine in men 55 years of age and older: the VA Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 122:1066\u20131074;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1306931<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]],"date-time":"2014-06-06T11:59:13Z","timestamp":1402055953000},"page":"1066-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Lead Exposure, B Vitamins, and Plasma Homocysteine in Men 55 Years of Age and Older: The VA Normative Aging Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Bakulski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Avron","family":"Spiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pantel S.","family":"Vokonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Huiling","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Weuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, and"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080605015350400_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(87)80438-3","article-title":"Determination of free and total homocysteine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.","volume":"422","author":"Araki","year":"1987","journal-title":"J 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