{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:11:58Z","timestamp":1793387518135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1417,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air requires knowledge of both the shape and magnitude of the relative risk (RR) function. However, adequate direct evidence to identify the shape of the mortality RR functions at the high ambient concentrations observed in many places in the world is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We developed RR functions over the entire global exposure range for causes of mortality in adults: ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer (LC). We also developed RR functions for the incidence of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) that can be used to estimate mortality and lost-years of healthy life in children &amp;lt; 5 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We fit an integrated exposure\u2013response (IER) model by integrating available RR information from studies of ambient air pollution (AAP), second hand tobacco smoke, household solid cooking fuel, and active smoking (AS). AS exposures were converted to estimated annual PM2.5 exposure equivalents using inhaled doses of particle mass. We derived population attributable fractions (PAFs) for every country based on estimated worldwide ambient PM2.5 concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The IER model was a superior predictor of RR compared with seven other forms previously used in burden assessments. The percent PAF attributable to AAP exposure varied among countries from 2 to 41 for IHD, 1 to 43 for stroke, &amp;lt; 1 to 21 for COPD, &amp;lt; 1 to 25 for LC, and &amp;lt; 1 to 38 for ALRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: We developed a fine particulate mass\u2013based RR model that covered the global range of exposure by integrating RR information from different combustion types that generate emissions of particulate matter. The model can be updated as new RR information becomes available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Burnett RT, Pope CA III, Ezzati M, Olives C, Lim SS, Mehta S, Shin HH, Singh G, Hubbell B, Brauer M, Anderson HR, Smith KR, Balmes JR, Bruce NG, Kan H, Laden F, Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn A, Turner MC, Gapstur SM, Diver WR, Cohen A. 2014. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect 122:397\u2013403;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1307049<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T12:13:33Z","timestamp":1392120813000},"page":"397-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1690,"title":["An Integrated Risk Function for Estimating the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"C. Arden","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Olives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumi","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwashin H.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitanjali","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Hubbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Ross","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Balmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel G.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Laden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Gapstur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Ryan","family":"Diver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Senior Author"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901220","article-title":"An estimate of the global burden of anthropogenic ozone and fine particulate on premature human mortality using atmospheric modeling.","volume":"118","author":"Anenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-77","article-title":"State and national household concentrations of PM2.5 from solid cookfuel use: results from measurements and modeling in India for estimation of the global burden of disease.","volume":"12","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1021\/es2025752","article-title":"Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution.","volume":"46","author":"Brauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.12.036","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and mortality in China: a cohort study.","volume":"186","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit6","first-page":"243","article-title":"A systematic review of relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic disease.","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit7","article-title":"Urban air pollution","author":"Cohen A, Anderson HR, Ostro B, Pandey K, Krzyzanowski M, Kunzli N, et al.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit8","unstructured":"Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants.\n          \n          2009. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution: Effect on Mortality. A Report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. 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Boston, MA:Health Effects Institute.Available: http:\/\/pubs.healtheffects.org\/getfile.php?u=478 [accessed 6 March 2014]."},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610055825400_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055670","article-title":"Longitudinal Relationship between Personal CO and Personal PM2.5 among Women Cooking with Woodfired Cookstoves in Guatemala.","volume":"8","author":"McCracken","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0146-3","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections: a systematic review and implications for estimating the global burden of disease.","volume":"6","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1039\/b916068j","article-title":"Estimating personal PM2.5 exposures using CO measurements in Guatemalan households cooking with wood fuel.","volume":"12","author":"Northcross","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit18","unstructured":"Office on Smoking and Health.\n          \n          2006. 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Geneva:World Health Organization.Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/quantifying_ehimpacts\/publications\/ebd5.pdf [accessed 6 March 2014]."},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61720-6","article-title":"The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK.","volume":"381","author":"Pirie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0082-7","article-title":"How is cardiovascular disease mortality risk affected by duration and intensity of fine particulate matter exposure? An integration of the epidemiologic evidence.","volume":"4","author":"Pope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.857888","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to fine particulate matter from air pollution and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure-response relationship.","volume":"120","author":"Pope","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution.","volume":"278","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103639","article-title":"Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality associated with particulate matter exposure from ambient air pollution and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure\u2013response relationships.","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065174","article-title":"The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith KR.\n          \n          1987. Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health: A Global Review.New York:Plenum Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0891-1"},{"key":"2026080610055825400_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith KR, Bruce N, Balakrishnan K, Adair-Rohani H, Balmes J, Chafe Z, et al.\n          \n          2014. Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? 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