{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:15:27Z","timestamp":1791051327482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1470,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) deliver higher levels of blue light to the retina than do conventional domestic light sources. Chronic exposure to high-intensity light (2,000\u201310,000 lux) has previously been found to result in light-induced retinal injury, but chronic exposure to relatively low-intensity (750 lux) light has not been previously assessed with LEDs in a rodent model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We examined LED-induced retinal neuronal cell damage in the Sprague-Dawley rat using functional, histological, and biochemical measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used blue LEDs (460 nm) and full-spectrum white LEDs, coupled with matching compact fluorescent lights, for exposures. Pathological examinations included electroretinogram, hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also measured free radical production in the retina to determine the oxidative stress level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: H&amp;E staining and TEM revealed apoptosis and necrosis of photoreceptors, which indicated blue-light induced photochemical injury of the retina. Free radical production in the retina was increased in LED-exposed groups. IHC staining demonstrated that oxidative stress was associated with retinal injury. Although we found serious retinal light injury in LED groups, the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) groups showed moderate to mild injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Our results raise questions about adverse effects on the retina from chronic exposure to LED light compared with other light sources that have less blue light. Thus, we suggest a precautionary approach with regard to the use of blue-rich \u201cwhite\u201d LEDs for general lighting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Shang YM, Wang GS, Sliney D, Yang CH, Lee LL. 2014. White light\u2013emitting diodes (LEDs) at domestic lighting levels and retinal injury in a rat model. Environ Health Perspect 122:269\u2013276;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1307294<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T13:41:12Z","timestamp":1387546872000},"page":"269-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["White Light\u2013Emitting Diodes (LEDs) at Domestic Lighting Levels and Retinal Injury in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Yu-Man","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen-Shuh","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sliney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Department (retired), Fallston, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ling","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Intelligent Energy-Saving Systems Division, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit1","unstructured":"ARVO (Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology).\n          \n          2013. 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The unique human health effect of blue light.","volume":"118","author":"Holzman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit11","first-page":"380","article-title":"Multiple, parallel cellular suicide mechanisms participate in photoreceptor cell death.","volume":"83","author":"Lohr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit12","first-page":"2508","article-title":"Human retinal pigment epithelium contains two distinct species of superoxide dismutase.","volume":"31","author":"Newsome","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(80)90055-3","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of photoreceptor damage by light in mammalian eyes.","volume":"20","author":"Noell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit14","first-page":"450","article-title":"Retinal damage by light in rats.","volume":"5","author":"Noell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.11.004","article-title":"Retinal light damage: mechanisms and protection.","volume":"29","author":"Organisciak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2026080602015468800_micit16","unstructured":"Peng ML, Tsai CY, Chien CL, Hsiao JCJ, Huang SY, Lee CJ.\n          \n          2012. The influence of low-powered family LED lighting on eyes in mice experimental model. 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