{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1789897833880,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1211,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Use of pyrethroid insecticides has increased dramatically over the past decade; however, data on their potential health effects, particularly on children, are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We examined the cross-sectional association between postnatal pyrethroid exposure and parental report of learning disability (LD) and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children 6\u201315 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Using logistic regression, we estimated associations of urinary metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides with parent-reported LD, ADHD, and both LD and ADHD in 1,659\u20131,680 children participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999\u20132002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The prevalence rates of parent-reported LD, ADHD, and both LD and ADHD were 12.7%, 10.0%, and 5.4%, respectively. Metabolite detection frequencies for 3-PBA [3-phenoxybenzoic acid], cis-DCCA [cis-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid], and trans-DCCA [trans-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid] were 77.1%, 35.6%, and 33.9%, respectively. The geometric mean 3-PBA concentration was 0.32 \u03bcg\/L (median = 0.31 \u03bcg\/L; interquartile rage = 0.10\u20130.89 \u03bcg\/L). cis- and trans-DCCA 75th-percentile concentrations were 0.21 \u03bcg\/L and 0.68 \u03bcg\/L, respectively. Log10-transformed 3-PBA concentrations were associated with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.18 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.51) for parent-reported LD, 1.16 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.58) for ADHD, and 1.45 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.27) for both LD and ADHD. Adjusted ORs remained nonsignificant and decreased after controlling for creatinine and other environmental chemicals previously linked to altered neurodevelopment. Similarly, no significant associations were observed for cis- and trans-DCCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Postnatal pyrethroid exposure was not associated with parental report of LD and\/or ADHD. Given the widespread and increasing use of pyrethroids, future research should evaluate exposures at current levels, particularly during critical windows of brain development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Citation: Quir\u00f3s-Alcal\u00e1 L, Mehta S, Eskenazi B. 2014. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure and parental report of learning disability and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in U.S. Children: NHANES 1999\u20132002. Environ Health Perspect 122:1336\u20131342;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1308031<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]],"date-time":"2014-09-05T12:05:03Z","timestamp":1409918703000},"page":"1336-1342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Pyrethroid Pesticide Exposure and Parental Report of Learning Disability and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in U.S. Children: NHANES 1999\u20132002"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Lesliam","family":"Quir\u00f3s-Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Children\u2019s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suril","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Children\u2019s Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Eskenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Children\u2019s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit1","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM\u20135)","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit2","article-title":"Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids.","author":"ATDSR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132002.","volume":"118","author":"Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7337","article-title":"Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements.","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1270","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3058","article-title":"Attention\u2013deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and urinary metabolites of organophosphate pesticides.","volume":"125","author":"Bouchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003185","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7\u2013year\u2013old children.","volume":"119","author":"Bouchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11177","article-title":"Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001\u20132004.","volume":"116","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080605023065600_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01969923","article-title":"Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin, and cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats.","volume":"67","author":"Cantalamessa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.03.048","article-title":"Early life permethrin exposure induces long-term brain changes in Nurr1, NF-kB and Nrf-2.","volume":"1515","author":"Carloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit12","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2009. 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About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/about_nhanes.htm [accessed 14 June 2013]."},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104152","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in U.S. children.","volume":"120","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080605023065600_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.06.003","article-title":"Pyrethroid pesticide-induced alterations in dopamine transporter function.","volume":"211","author":"Elwan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080605023065600_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90270-O","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of two different pyrethroids, bioallethrin and deltamethrin, on immature and adult mice: changes in behavioral and muscarinic receptor variables.","volume":"108","author":"Eriksson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080605023065600_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.01.002","article-title":"Effects of oral exposure of synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on the behavior of F1-progeny in mice.","volume":"23","author":"Farag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080605023065600_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1054","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0738","article-title":"Association of tobacco and lead exposures with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"124","author":"Froehlich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2008-0991","article-title":"Synthetic Pyrethroids: Occurrence and Behavior in Aquatic Environments","author":"Gan J.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080605023065600_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.18","article-title":"Characterization of residential pest control products used in inner city communities in New York City.","volume":"21","author":"Horton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080605023065600_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e699","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0133","article-title":"Impact of prenatal exposure to piperonyl butoxide and permethrin on 36-month neurodevelopment.","volume":"127","author":"Horton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080605023065600_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A258","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104285","article-title":"A research strategy to discover the environmental causes of autism and neurodevelopmental disabilities [Editorial].","volume":"120","author":"Landrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080605023065600_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.6.521","article-title":"Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations &lt; 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Environmental Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Effects among Children of Nicaraguan Agricultural Workers [PhD Dissertation]. 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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Plan and Operations, 1999\u20132010. 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