{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:05:29Z","timestamp":1791169529178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1025,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrafine particles (UFP) may contribute to the cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution, partly because of their relatively efficient alveolar deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we assessed associations between blood pressure and short-term exposure to air pollution in a population of schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 130 children (6\u201312 years of age), blood pressure was determined during two periods (spring and fall 2011). We used mixed models to study the association between blood pressure and ambient concentrations of particulate matter and ultrafine particles measured in the schools\u2019 playground.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Independent of sex, age, height, and weight of the child, parental education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, fish consumption, heart rate, school, day of the week, season, wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature on the morning of examination, an interquartile range (860 particles\/cm3) increase in nano-sized UFP fraction (20\u201330 nm) was associated with a 6.35 mmHg (95% CI: 1.56, 11.14; p = 0.01) increase in systolic blood pressure. For the total UFP fraction, systolic blood pressure was 0.79 mmHg (95% CI: 0.07, 1.51; p = 0.03) higher, but no effects on systolic blood pressure were found for the nano-sized fractions with a diameter &amp;gt; 100 nm, nor PM2.5, PMcoarse, and PM10. Diastolic blood pressure was not associated with any of the studied particulate mass fractions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children attending school on days with higher UFP concentrations (diameter &amp;lt; 100 nm) had higher systolic blood pressure. The association was dependent on UFP size, and there was no association with the PM2.5 mass concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pieters N, Koppen G, Van Poppel M, De Prins S, Cox B, Dons E, Nelen V, Int Panis L, Plusquin M, Schoeters G, Nawrot TS. 2015. Blood pressure and same-day exposure to air pollution at school: associations with nano-sized to coarse PM in children. Environ Health Perspect 123:737\u2013742;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408121<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T12:10:39Z","timestamp":1425989439000},"page":"737-742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Blood Pressure and Same-Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School: Associations with Nano-Sized to Coarse PM in Children"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Nicky","family":"Pieters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Van Poppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"De Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evi","family":"Dons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Nelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Health unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc Int","family":"Panis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Transportation Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Plusquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Schoeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Risk & Health unit, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487313505821","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and noise and children\u2019s blood pressure: results from the PIAMA birth cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"Bilenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65701-X","article-title":"Acute effects of inhaled urban particles and ozone: lung morphology, macrophage activity, and plasma endothelin-1.","volume":"153","author":"Bouthillier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-17","article-title":"Does traffic exhaust contribute to the development of asthma and allergic sensitization in children: findings from recent cohort studies.","volume":"8","author":"Br\u00e5b\u00e4ck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.130237","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms and mediators of the effects of air pollution exposure on blood pressure and vascular function in healthy humans.","volume":"54","author":"Brook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.049205","article-title":"Seasonal variation of effect of air pollution on blood pressure.","volume":"61","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000181749.03652.f9","article-title":"Associations between submicrometer particles exposures and blood pressure and heart rate in patients with lung function impairments.","volume":"47","author":"Chuang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186593","article-title":"Blood pressure response to controlled diesel exhaust exposure in human subjects.","volume":"59","author":"Cosselman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7938","article-title":"Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health.","volume":"113","author":"Delfino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026080606015120700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s4523","article-title":"Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms.","volume":"4","author":"Donaldson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.01.025","article-title":"Land use regression models as a tool for short, medium and long term exposure to traffic related air pollution.","volume":"477","author":"Dons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.1.22","article-title":"Markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers.","volume":"125","author":"Garey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318226e8d6","article-title":"Short-term impact of ambient air pollution and air temperature on blood pressure among pregnant women.","volume":"22","author":"Hampel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.05.045","article-title":"Adolescence risk factors are predictive of coronary artery calcification at middle age: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"60","author":"Hartiala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103647","article-title":"Opposing effects of particle pollution, ozone, and ambient temperature on arterial blood pressure.","volume":"120","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951109992010","article-title":"Air pollution and carotid arterial stiffness in children.","volume":"20","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.003","article-title":"Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons.","volume":"117","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L237","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00024.2001","article-title":"PM10-exposed macrophages stimulate a proinflammatory response in lung epithelial cells via TNF-\u03b1.","volume":"282","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.085977","article-title":"Childhood physical, environmental, and genetic predictors of adult hypertension: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"126","author":"Juhola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2166","article-title":"Ambient air pollution: health hazards to children.","volume":"114","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-8","article-title":"Beneficial cardiovascular effects of reducing exposure to particulate air pollution with a simple facemask.","volume":"6","author":"Langrish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.09.008","article-title":"The associations between traffic-related air pollution and noise with blood pressure in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies.","volume":"217","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205721","article-title":"Retinal microvascular responses to short-term changes in particulate air pollution in healthy adults.","volume":"121","author":"Louwies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000160320.39303.ab","article-title":"Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth.","volume":"45","author":"Lurbe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1357-9","article-title":"Early vascular phenotypes in the genesis of hypertension.","volume":"25","author":"Lurbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2101036","article-title":"Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster.","volume":"164","author":"Nemmar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200305000-00001","article-title":"European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement.","volume":"21","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000185","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles.","volume":"74","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.03.017","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on noise and blood pressure in children: observations and suggestions.","volume":"37","author":"Paunovi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70192-9","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study (ESCAPE).","volume":"1","author":"Pedersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.18.2172","article-title":"Coarse particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases among Medicare patients.","volume":"299","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11027","article-title":"Diesel exhaust inhalation elicits acute vasoconstriction in vivo.","volume":"116","author":"Peretz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2810","article-title":"Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction.","volume":"103","author":"Peters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301505","article-title":"An epidemiological appraisal of the association between heart rate variability and particulate air pollution: a meta-analysis.","volume":"98","author":"Pieters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect.","volume":"56","author":"Pope","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.17.2277","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"290","author":"Raitakari","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.051672","article-title":"Effect of inhaled sulphur dioxide and carbon particles on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation and coagulation in human subjects.","volume":"92","author":"Routledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200807-1043OC","article-title":"Concentrated ambient ultrafine particle exposure induces cardiac changes in young healthy volunteers.","volume":"179","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002913","article-title":"Does air pollution trigger infant mortality in Western Europe? A case-crossover study.","volume":"119","author":"Scheers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10323","article-title":"Effect of inhaled carbon ultrafine particles on reactive hyperemia in healthy human subjects.","volume":"116","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958769","article-title":"Determinants of blood pressure in preschool children: the role of parental smoking.","volume":"123","author":"Simonetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7939","article-title":"Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiologic research.","volume":"113","author":"Sioutas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.007","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"117","author":"Stieb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-378","article-title":"Blood pressure and particulate air pollution in schoolchildren of Lahore, Pakistan.","volume":"12","author":"Sughis","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Inhalation toxicology of urban ambient particulate matter: acute cardiovascular effects in rats.","volume":"104","author":"Vincent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit46","unstructured":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel.\n          \n          2004. Groeicurven. Vlaanderen 2004 [Homepage, in Dutch].Available: http:\/\/www.vub.ac.be\/groeicurven\/ [accessed 14 May 2014]."},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104812","article-title":"Blood pressure changes and chemical constituents of particulate air pollution: results from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) study.","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015120700_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.6.3720","article-title":"Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor \u03b21.","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/7\/737\/66431420\/ehp.1408121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/7\/737\/66431420\/ehp.1408121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:48:07Z","timestamp":1786628887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1408121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]}}}