{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:28:08Z","timestamp":1791293288359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1024,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with mortality in urban cohort studies. Few studies have investigated this association in large-scale population registries, including non-urban populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality in the Netherlands based on existing national databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used existing Dutch national databases on mortality, individual characteristics, residence history, neighborhood characteristics, and national air pollution maps based on land use regression (LUR) techniques for particulates with an aerodynamic diameter \u2264 10 \u03bcm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Using these databases, we established a cohort of 7.1 million individuals \u2265 30 years of age. We followed the cohort for 7 years (2004\u20132011). We applied Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for potential individual and area-specific confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for individual and area-specific confounders, for each 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase, PM10 and NO2 were associated with nonaccidental mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.09 and HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.03, respectively], respiratory mortality (HR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.17 and HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03, respectively), and lung cancer mortality (HR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.30 and HR = 1.10 95% CI: 1.09, 1.11, respectively). Furthermore, PM10 was associated with circulatory disease mortality (HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.08), but NO2 was not (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.01). PM10 associations were robust to adjustment for NO2; NO2 associations remained for nonaccidental mortality and lung cancer mortality after adjustment for PM10.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 was associated with nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch population of \u2265 30 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fischer PH, Marra M, Ameling CB, Hoek G, Beelen R, de Hoogh K, Breugelmans O, Kruize H, Janssen NA, Houthuijs D. 2015. Air pollution and mortality in seven million adults: the Dutch Environmental Longitudinal Study (DUELS). Environ Health Perspect 123:697\u2013704; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408254<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T08:52:20Z","timestamp":1426150340000},"page":"697-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Air Pollution and Mortality in Seven Million Adults: The Dutch Environmental Longitudinal Study (DUELS)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marten","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Ameling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Beelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"de Hoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Breugelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanneke","family":"Kruize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.H.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Houthuijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9806020","article-title":"Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers.","volume":"159","author":"Abbey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Het Sociaal Statistisch Bestand 1998 en 1999 [in Dutch].","volume":"12","author":"Arts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sociaal-economische Maandstatistiek"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10767","article-title":"Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR study).","volume":"116","author":"Beelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project.","volume":"383","author":"Beelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit6","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: the NLCS-AIR study.","volume":"139","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1758OC","article-title":"Mortality associations with long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in a national English cohort.","volume":"187","author":"Carey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205862","article-title":"Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of more than a million adults in Rome.","volume":"121","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-48","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide levels estimated from land use regression models several years apart and association with mortality in a large cohort study.","volume":"11","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318276c005","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality.","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit11","first-page":"243","article-title":"A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases.","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104049","article-title":"Risk of nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in relation to long-term exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter: a Canadian national-level cohort study.","volume":"120","author":"Crouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500262","article-title":"Comparison between different traffic-related particle indicators: elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5 mass, and absorbance.","volume":"13","author":"Cyrys","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit14","first-page":"23","article-title":"Record linkage of hospital discharge register with population register: experiences at Statistics Netherlands.","volume":"21","author":"de Bruin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat J UN Econ Comm Eur"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities.","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11195","DOI":"10.1021\/es301948k","article-title":"Development of Land Use Regression models for PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse in 20 European study areas; results of the ESCAPE project.","volume":"46","author":"Eeftens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.061135","article-title":"Stability of measured and modelled spatial contrasts in NO2 over time.","volume":"68","author":"Eeftens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit18","unstructured":"GGD GHOR Nederland.\n          \n          2014. GGD GHOR Nederland Homepage.Available: http:\/\/www.ggdghor.nl\/english\/ [accessed 16 February 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1021\/es103821y","article-title":"Land use regression modeling to estimate historic (1962\u20131991) concentrations of black smoke and sulfur dioxide for Great Britain.","volume":"45","author":"Gulliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.112490","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: cohort study.","volume":"66","author":"Hales","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9445-5","article-title":"The reliability of cause-of-death coding in the Netherlands.","volume":"25","author":"Harteloh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review.","volume":"12","author":"Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f4e634","article-title":"Aircraft noise, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction.","volume":"21","author":"Huss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2012.27.9","article-title":"The contribution of smoking to regional mortality differences in the Netherlands.","volume":"27","author":"Janssen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Demogr Res"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit25","article-title":"Van hoog naar laag, van laag naar hoog: de sociaal-ruimtelijke ontwikkeling van wijken tussen 1971-1995 [in Dutch].","author":"Knol FA.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370590929402","article-title":"Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study, part 1: validation and replication.","volume":"17","author":"Krewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370590929439","article-title":"Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study, part 2: sensitivity analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Krewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality.","volume":"140","author":"Krewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk016","article-title":"Relation between concentration of air pollution and cause-specific mortality: four-year exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter pollutants in 470 neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway.","volume":"165","author":"Naess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3 pt 1","key":"2026080606015875700_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.3.7881654","article-title":"Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults.","volume":"151","author":"Pope","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit31","first-page":"9","article-title":"Dutch population statistics based on population register data.","volume":"48","author":"Prins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Maandstat Bevolking"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit32","unstructured":"R Core Team.\n          \n          2014. R: A Lanuage and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austra:R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Available: http:\/\/www.R-project.org [accessed 16 February 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).","volume":"14","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit34","unstructured":"van Elzakker BG, Buijsman E.\n          \n          2014. The Dutch National Air Quality Monitoring Network: Monitoring Program in 1999.Available: http:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/en\/Documents_and_publications\/Scientific\/Reports\/1999\/maart\/The_Dutch_National_Air_Quality_Monitoring_Network_monitoring_program_in_1999?sp=cml2bXE9ZmFsc2U7c2VhcmNoYmFzZT01OTAxMDtyaXZtcT1mYWxzZTs=&pagenr=5902 [accessed 16 February 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.11.016","article-title":"Comparison of land-use regression models between Great Britain and the Netherlands.","volume":"44","author":"Vienneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.062521","article-title":"Associations between cigarette smoking, obesity, sociodemographic characteristics and remote-sensing-derived estimates of ambient PM2.5: results from a Canadian population-based survey.","volume":"68","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100600","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and specific causes of mortality in Scotland.","volume":"69","author":"Yap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080606015875700_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11449","article-title":"Mortality in the Medicare population and chronic exposure to fine particulate air pollution in urban centers (2000\u20132005).","volume":"116","author":"Zeger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/7\/697\/66431436\/ehp.1408254.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/7\/697\/66431436\/ehp.1408254.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:48:12Z","timestamp":1786628892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1408254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]}}}