{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:54:18Z","timestamp":1792630458952,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1106,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent pollutants found to be endocrine disruptive and neurotoxic in animals. Positive correlations between PFASs and neurobehavioral problems in children were reported in cross-sectional data, but findings from prospective studies are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated whether prenatal exposure to PFASs is associated with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or childhood autism in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 83,389 mother\u2013child pairs enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort during 1996\u20132002, we identified 890 ADHD cases and 301 childhood autism cases from the Danish National Hospital Registry and the Danish Psychiatric Central Registry. From this cohort, we randomly selected 220 cases each of ADHD and autism, and we also randomly selected 550 controls frequency matched by child\u2019s sex. Sixteen PFASs were measured in maternal plasma collected in early or mid-pregnancy. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) using generalized linear models, taking into account sampling weights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected in all samples; four other PFASs were quantified in \u2265 90% of the samples. We did not find consistent evidence of associations between mother\u2019s PFAS plasma levels and ADHD [per natural log nanograms per milliliter increase: PFOS RR = 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.02); PFOA RR = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.16)] or autism [per natural log nanograms per milliliter increase: PFOS RR = 0.92 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.22); PFOA RR = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.31)]. We found positive as well as negative associations between higher PFAS quartiles and ADHD in models that simultaneously adjusted for all PFASs, but these estimates were imprecise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study we found no consistent evidence to suggest that prenatal PFAS exposure increases the risk of ADHD or childhood autism in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liew Z, Ritz B, von Ehrenstein OS, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Fei CY, Bossi R, Henriksen TB, Bonefeld-J\u00f8rgensen EC, Olsen J. 2015. Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and childhood autism in association with prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances: a nested case\u2013control study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 123:367\u2013373;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408412<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T15:16:51Z","timestamp":1419002211000},"page":"367-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Childhood Autism in Association with Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances: A Nested Case\u2013Control Study in the Danish National Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Zeyan","family":"Liew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondine S.","family":"von Ehrenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodil Hammer","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Aagaard","family":"Nohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyuan","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Surveillance & Pharmacoepidemiology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine Brink","family":"Henriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Cecilie","family":"Bonefeld-J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Arctic Health and Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080605042162300_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm110","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid\u2013induced developmental toxicity in the mouse is dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor-alpha.","volume":"98","author":"Abbott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080605042162300_micit2","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Danish National Hospital Register. 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