{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:44Z","timestamp":1786631864695,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1064,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arsenic is an immunotoxicant. Clinical reports observe the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in people who have recovered from arsenic poisoning and in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been treated with arsenic trioxide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the association between arsenic and the seroprevalence of VZV IgG antibody in a representative sample of the U.S. population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 3,348 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003\u20132004 and 2009\u20132010 pooled survey cycles. Participants were eligible if they were 6\u201349 years of age with information on both VZV IgG and urinary arsenic concentrations. We used two measures of total urinary arsenic (TUA): TUA1 was defined as the sum of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, and TUA2 was defined as total urinary arsenic minus arsenobetaine and arsenocholine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall weighted seronegative prevalence of VZV was 2.2% for the pooled NHANES sample. The geometric means of TUA1 and TUA2 were 6.57 \u03bcg\/L and 5.64 \u03bcg\/L, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race, income, creatinine, and survey cycle, odds ratios for a negative VZV IgG result in association with 1-unit increases in natural log-transformed (ln)-TUA1 and ln-TUA2 were 1.87 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.44) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.97), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional analysis, urinary arsenic was inversely associated with VZV IgG seroprevalence in the U.S. population. This finding is in accordance with clinical observations of zoster virus reactivation from high doses of arsenic. Additional studies are needed to confirm the association and evaluate causal mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardenas A, Smit E, Houseman EA, Kerkvliet NI, Bethel JW, Kile ML. 2015. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of the varicella zoster virus in the United States: NHANES (2003\u20132004 and 2009\u20132010). Environ Health Perspect 123:590\u2013596;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408731<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T12:12:55Z","timestamp":1422619975000},"page":"590-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003\u20132004 and 2009\u20132010)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Andres","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Andres","family":"Houseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy I.","family":"Kerkvliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Bethel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly L.","family":"Kile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026080606014122100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1021\/es0101678","article-title":"Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.).","volume":"36","author":"Abedin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080606014122100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.07.030","article-title":"Frequent varicella zoster reactivation associated with therapeutic use of arsenic trioxide: portents of an old scourge.","volume":"53","author":"Au","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7337","article-title":"Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements.","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080606014122100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03213.x","article-title":"Acute arsenic poisoning: clinical and histopathological features.","volume":"141","author":"Bartolom\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080606014122100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.08.268","article-title":"Global effects of inorganic arsenic on gene expression profile in human macrophages.","volume":"46","author":"Bourdonnay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080606014122100_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405933","article-title":"Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, monomethylarsonate, or dimethylarsinate in man.","volume":"48","author":"Buchet","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080606014122100_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.09.019","article-title":"Immunotoxicity and biodistribution analysis of arsenic trioxide in C57Bl\/6 mice following a 2-week inhalation exposure.","volume":"241","author":"Burchiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080606014122100_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38091-2","article-title":"Gallium-arsenide selectively inhibits T cell proliferation and alters expression of CD25 (IL-2R\/p55).","volume":"265","author":"Burns","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080606014122100_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.32","article-title":"Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004.","volume":"19","author":"Caldwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2949.9","article-title":"A note on the association of herpes zoster with arsenic.","volume":"2","author":"Carlill","year":"1917","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080606014122100_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1039\/C0EM00482K","article-title":"The impact of a rice based diet on urinary arsenic.","volume":"13","author":"Cascio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit12","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2007. 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Laboratory Procedure Manual: Varicella-Zoster Virus IgG Antibody in Serum\u2014Whole Cell ELISA.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/NCHS\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_09_10\/MMRV_F_met_Varicella_Whole Cell.pdf [accessed 12 December 2013]."},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit15","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2012. Prevention of Herpes Zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5705a1.htm [accessed 18 January 2014]."},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit16","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2013a. NHANES Response Rates and Population Totals.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/response_rates_cps.htm [accessed 2 December 2013]."},{"key":"2026080606014122100_micit17","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2013b. 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differentiation through nuclear Factor-\u03baB-related survival pathway down-regulation.","volume":"316","author":"Lemarie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"RR-4","key":"2026080606014122100_micit36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).","volume":"56","author":"Marin","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2026080606014122100_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.01.005","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic alters expression of immune and stress response genes in activated primary human T lymphocytes.","volume":"48","author":"Martin-Chouly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080606014122100_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03443-12","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide stabilizes accumulations of 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