{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:33:34Z","timestamp":1791408814111,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1053,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune dysregulation associated with mercury has been suggested, although data in the general population are lacking. Chronic exposure to low levels of methylmercury (organic) and inorganic mercury is common, such as through fish consumption and dental amalgams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined associations between mercury biomarkers and antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity and titer strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among females 16\u201349 years of age (n = 1,352) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132004, we examined cross-sectional associations between mercury and ANAs (indirect immunofluorescence; cutoff \u2265 1:80). Three biomarkers of mercury exposure were used: hair (available 1999\u20132000) and total blood (1999\u20132004) predominantly represented methylmercury, and urine (1999\u20132002) represented inorganic mercury. Survey statistics were used. Multivariable modeling adjusted for several covariates, including age and omega-3 fatty acids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen percent of females were ANA positive; 96% of ANA positives had a nuclear speckled staining pattern. Geometric mean (geometric SD) mercury concentrations were 0.22 (0.03) ppm in hair, 0.92 (0.05) \u03bcg\/L blood, and 0.62 (0.04) \u03bcg\/L urine. Hair and blood, but not urinary, mercury were associated with ANA positivity (sample sizes 452, 1,352, and 804, respectively), after adjusting for confounders: for hair, odds ratio (OR) = 4.10 (95% CI: 1.66, 10.13); for blood, OR = 2.32 (95% CI: 1.07, 5.03) comparing highest versus lowest quantiles. Magnitudes of association were strongest for high-titer (\u2265 1:1,280) ANA: hair, OR = 11.41 (95% CI: 1.60, 81.23); blood, OR = 5.93 (95% CI: 1.57, 22.47).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methylmercury, at low levels generally considered safe, was associated with subclinical autoimmunity among reproductive-age females. Autoantibodies may predate clinical disease by years; thus, methylmercury exposure may be relevant to future autoimmune disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Somers EC, Ganser MA, Warren JS, Basu N, Wang L, Zick SM, Park SK. 2015. Mercury exposure and antinuclear antibodies among females of reproductive age in the United States: NHANES. Environ Health Perspect 123:792\u2013798;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408751<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]],"date-time":"2015-02-10T08:22:54Z","timestamp":1423556574000},"page":"792-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Mercury Exposure and Antinuclear Antibodies among Females of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Somers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences,"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Ganser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niladri","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences,"},{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanna M.","family":"Zick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences,"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.\n          \n          2013. 2013 ATSDR Substance Priority List.Available: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/SPL\/index.html [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120600734147","article-title":"Fish consumption, mercury exposure and serum antinuclear antibody in Amazonians.","volume":"16","author":"Alves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"349","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390712","article-title":"Autoantibodies to fibrillarin in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). An immunogenetic, serologic, and clinical analysis.","volume":"39","author":"Arnett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit5","article-title":"Atlas of HEp-2 Patterns. 2nd ed","author":"Bradwell AR, Hughes RG, Harden EL.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9738","article-title":"Separation of risks and benefits of seafood intake.","volume":"115","author":"Budtz-J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit7","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2006. Laboratory Procedure Manual: PCBs and Persistent Pesticides.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_03_04\/l28_c_met_ PCBs_and_Persistent_Pesticides.pdf [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit8","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2005. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1999 - 2000 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies: Hair Mercury (LAB22).Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nhanes1999-2000\/LAB22.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit9","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2007. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1999 - 2000 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies: Nutritional Biochemistries (LAB06).Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nhanes1999-2000\/LAB06.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit10","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2012. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1999 - 2000 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies: Immunofluorescence and Immunoprecipitation Analyses of Autoantibodies (NHANES Surplus Sera) (SSANA_A).Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nhanes1999-2000\/SSANA_A.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit11","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2013. NHANES Response Rates and Population Totals.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/response_rates_CPS.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit12","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2015a. Continuous NHANES Data, Questionnaires and Related Documentation.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/nhanes_questionnaires.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit13","unstructured":"CDC\/NCHS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics).\n          \n          2015b. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Homepage.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes.htm [accessed 15 January 2015]."},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440802273164","article-title":"Negative confounding in the evaluation of toxicity: the case of methylmercury in fish and seafood.","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440600845619","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds.","volume":"36","author":"Clarkson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090682","article-title":"Unraveling the etiology of systemic autoimmune diseases: peering into the preclinical phase of disease.","volume":"36","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.008","article-title":"Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases.","volume":"33","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit18","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"31","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00006-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases.","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306069344","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology?","volume":"15","author":"Costenbader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(91)90074-Y","article-title":"Mercury and selenium interaction: a review.","volume":"21","author":"Cuvin-Aralar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1001971","article-title":"Breaking patterns of environmentally influenced disease for health risk reduction: immune perspectives.","volume":"118","author":"Dietert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026013394831","article-title":"Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage.","volume":"1","author":"Ercal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(85)90045-5","article-title":"Antinuclear, anticytoplasmic, and anti-Sjogren\u2019s syndrome antigen A (SS-A\/Ro) antibodies in female blood donors.","volume":"36","author":"Fritzler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.01.004","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, and antinuclear antibody positivity, NHANES 2003\u20132004.","volume":"216","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.02.001","article-title":"Mercury exposure, serum antinuclear\/antinucleolar antibodies, and serum cytokine levels in mining populations in Amazonian Brazil: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"110","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020157","article-title":"Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction.","volume":"347","author":"Guallar","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.11.020","article-title":"The immunosuppressive effect of methylmercury does not preclude development of autoimmunity in genetically susceptible mice.","volume":"208","author":"H\u00e4ggqvist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1001975","article-title":"Serum concentrations of antibodies against vaccine toxoids in children exposed perinatally to immunotoxicants.","volume":"118","author":"Heilmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398609530847","article-title":"Sex and age differences in mercury distribution and excretion in methylmercury-administered mice.","volume":"18","author":"Hirayama","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90489-8","article-title":"Effect of sex hormones on the fate of methylmercury and on glutathione metabolism in mice.","volume":"36","author":"Hirayama","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit32","first-page":"470","article-title":"Anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies in mercury-treated mice.","volume":"78","author":"Hultman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8576","article-title":"Methyl mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice.","volume":"154","author":"Hultman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1996.0017","article-title":"Murine genotype influences the specificity, magnitude and persistence of murine mercury-induced autoimmunity.","volume":"9","author":"Hultman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit35","first-page":"1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010.","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0125","article-title":"Plasma organochlorine levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study.","volume":"19","author":"Laden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.12.002","article-title":"Definition of human autoimmunity\u2014autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease.","volume":"9","author":"Lleo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6587","article-title":"Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000.","volume":"112","author":"Mahaffey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11073","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population.","volume":"48","author":"Mayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510701380505","article-title":"Mercury activates phospholipase A2 and induces formation of arachidonic acid metabolites in vascular endothelial cells.","volume":"17","author":"Mazerik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern.","volume":"36","author":"Mergler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.127100","article-title":"ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations.","volume":"69","author":"Meroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit43","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evaluation of the patient. B. Laboratory assessment","volume-title":"In: Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases (Klippel JH, Stone J, Crofford L, White P, eds)","author":"Morehead K.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"2026080606032735800_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5877","article-title":"Mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice.","volume":"110","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9003787","article-title":"Toxicology of autoimmune diseases.","volume":"23","author":"Pollard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3521","article-title":"The autoimmunity-inducing xenobiotic mercury interacts with the autoantigen fibrillarin and modifies its molecular and antigenic properties.","volume":"158","author":"Pollard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.1.237","article-title":"Mercuric chloride induces autoantibodies against U3 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein in susceptible mice.","volume":"86","author":"Reuter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157674","article-title":"Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in a rural population.","volume":"57","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34380","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States.","volume":"64","author":"Satoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03733.x","article-title":"Do selected drugs increase the risk of lupus? A matched case-control study.","volume":"70","author":"Schoonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16154-0","article-title":"Autoantibodies as predictors of disease.","volume":"363","author":"Scofield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8652","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury: temporal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of reductive reserve.","volume":"157","author":"Shenker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-3-11","article-title":"Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear\/antinucleolar antibodies in Amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719248","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases.","volume":"21","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-201165","article-title":"Parental history of lupus and rheumatoid arthritis and risk in offspring in a nationwide cohort study: does sex matter?","volume":"72","author":"Somers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38238","article-title":"Population-based incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: the Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance program.","volume":"66","author":"Somers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313499419","article-title":"Environmental exposures, epigenetic changes and the risk of lupus.","volume":"23","author":"Somers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000193605.93416.df","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases co-occurring within individuals and within families: a systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"Somers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn408","article-title":"Are individuals with an autoimmune disease at higher risk of a second autoimmune disorder?","volume":"169","author":"Somers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22683","article-title":"Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United Kingdom, 1990\u20131999.","volume":"57","author":"Somers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6187","article-title":"An assessment of the cord blood:maternal blood methylmercury ratio: implications for risk assessment.","volume":"111","author":"Stern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400909","article-title":"Range of antinuclear antibodies in \u201chealthy\u201d individuals.","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180273","article-title":"Burden of mortality associated with autoimmune diseases among females in the United Kingdom.","volume":"100","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7743","article-title":"Public health and economic consequences of methyl mercury toxicity to the developing brain.","volume":"113","author":"Trasande","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl055","article-title":"The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.","volume":"93","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1443.022","article-title":"Immunology of mercury.","volume":"1143","author":"Vas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.9.1463","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases: a leading cause of death among young and middle-aged women in the United States.","volume":"90","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080606032735800_micit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9710513","article-title":"Proposed PCB congener groupings for epidemiological studies [Letter].","volume":"105","author":"Wolff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/8\/792\/66431877\/ehp.1408751.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/8\/792\/66431877\/ehp.1408751.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:48:32Z","timestamp":1786628912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1408751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408751","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]}}}