{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:06:28Z","timestamp":1787853988705,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1008,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently declared air pollution carcinogenic to humans. However, no study of air pollution and lung cancer to date has incorporated adjustment for exposure measurement error, and few have examined specific histological subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to assess the association of air pollution and incident lung cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer and the impact of measurement error on these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort was followed from 1986 through 2003, and 3,355 incident cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, for long-term exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black smoke (BS), PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter \u2264 2.5 \u03bcm), and measures of roadway proximity and traffic volume, adjusted for potential confounders. Information from a previous validation study was used to correct the effect estimates for measurement error.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed elevated risks of incident lung cancer with exposure to BS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.32, per 10 \u03bcg\/m3], NO2 (HR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.54, per 30 \u03bcg\/m3), PM2.5 (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.47, per 10 \u03bcg\/m3), and with measures of traffic at the baseline address. The exposures were positively associated with all lung cancer subtypes. After adjustment for measurement error, the HRs increased and the 95% CIs widened [HR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.39) for BS and HR = 1.37 (95% CI: 0.86, 2.17) for PM2.5].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings add support to a growing body of literature on the effects of air pollution on lung cancer. In addition, they highlight variation in measurement error by pollutant and support the implementation of measurement error corrections when possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hart JE, Spiegelman D, Beelen R, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt P. 2015. Long-term ambient residential traffic\u2013related exposures and measurement error\u2013adjusted risk of incident lung cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Environ Health Perspect 123:860\u2013866;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408762<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,28]],"date-time":"2015-03-28T22:18:29Z","timestamp":1427581109000},"page":"860-866","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Long-Term Ambient Residential Traffic\u2013Related Exposures and Measurement Error\u2013Adjusted Risk of Incident Lung Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jaime E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Spiegelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology,"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, and"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Beelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo J.","family":"Schouten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"van den Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), and"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080607032969400_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9806020","article-title":"Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers.","volume":"159","author":"Abbey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080607032969400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5618","article-title":"The performance of functional methods for correcting non-Gaussian measurement error within Poisson regression: corrected excess risk of lung cancer mortality in relation to radon exposure among French uranium miners.","volume":"31","author":"Allodji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026080607032969400_micit3","article-title":"Exposure measurement error: consequences and design issues. 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