{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:46Z","timestamp":1786631866391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":966,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to hormonally active chemicals could plausibly affect pubertal timing, so we are investigating this in the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goal was to examine persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in relation to pubertal onset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethnically diverse cohorts of 6- to 8-year-old girls (n = 645) provided serum for measure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and lipids. Tanner stages [breast (B) and pubic hair (PH)], and body mass index (BMI) were measured at up to seven annual clinic visits. Using accelerated failure time models, we calculated time ratios (TRs) for age at Tanner stages 2 or higher (2+) and POPs quartiles (Q1\u20134), adjusting for confounders (race\/ethnicity, site, caregiver education, and income). We also calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) of Tanner stages 2+ at time of blood sampling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectionally, the prevalence of B2+ and PH2+ was inversely related to chemical serum concentrations; but after adjustment for confounders, only the associations with B2+, not PH2+, were statistically significant. Longitudinally, the age at pubertal transition was consistently older with greater chemical concentrations; for example: adjusted TR for B2+ and Q4 for \u03a3PBDE = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08, for \u03a3PCB = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08, and for \u03a3OCP = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14, indicating median ages of about 6 and 11 months older than least exposed, and with similar effect estimates for PH2+. Adjusting for BMI attenuated associations for PCBs and OCPs but not for PBDEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This first longitudinal study of puberty in girls with serum POPs measurements (to our knowledge) reveals a delay in onset with higher concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Windham GC, Pinney SM, Voss RW, Sj\u00d6din A, Biro FM, Greenspan LC, Stewart S, Hiatt RA, Kushi LH. 2015. Brominated flame retardants and other persistent organohalogenated compounds in relation to timing of puberty in a longitudinal study of girls. Environ Health Perspect 123:1046\u20131052;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1408778<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T12:09:11Z","timestamp":1431086951000},"page":"1046-1052","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Brominated Flame Retardants and Other Persistent Organohalogenated Compounds in Relation to Timing of Puberty in a Longitudinal Study of Girls"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Gayle C.","family":"Windham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Pinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Assessment Inc., La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sj\u00f6din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Biro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"Greenspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Hiatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence H.","family":"Kushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit1","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).\n          \n          2000. Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).Available: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/ToxProfiles\/tp17.pdf [accessed 13 June 2013]."},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit2","unstructured":"ATSDR.\n          \n          2011. Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls.Available: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/pcbs_addendum.pdf [accessed 17 August 2015]."},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015714305420","article-title":"Epidemiology of endocrine-related risk factors for breast cancer.","volume":"7","author":"Bernstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e583","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3079","article-title":"Pubertal assessment method and baseline characteristics in a mixed longitudinal study of girls.","volume":"126","author":"Biro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3773","article-title":"Onset of breast development in a longitudinal cohort.","volume":"132","author":"Biro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit6","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2000. CDC Growth Charts: United States.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/series\/sr_11\/sr11_246.pdf [accessed 25 September 2006]."},{"key":"2026080607040221900_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.016","article-title":"Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004.","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080607040221900_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr223","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the CHAMACOS study.","volume":"174","author":"Chevrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"suppl 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