{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:22:53Z","timestamp":1790205773140,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":945,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acrolein is a highly reactive \u03b1,\u03b2 unsaturated aldehyde and respiratory irritant. Acrolein is formed during combustion (e.g., burning tobacco or biomass), during high-temperature cooking of foods, and in vivo as a product of oxidative stress and polyamine metabolism. No biomonitoring reference data have been reported to characterize acrolein exposure for the U.S. population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goals were to a) evaluate two acrolein metabolites in urine\u2014N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (3HPMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine (CEMA)\u2014as biomarkers of exposure to acrolein for the U.S. population by age, sex, race, and smoking status; and b) assess tobacco smoke as a predictor of acrolein exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed urine from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005\u20132006) participants \u2265 12 years old (n = 2,866) for 3HPMA and CEMA using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\/ESI-MSMS). Sample-weighted linear regression models stratified for non-tobacco users versus tobacco smokers (as defined by serum cotinine and self-report) characterized the association of urinary 3HPMA and CEMA with tobacco smoke exposure, adjusting for urinary creatinine, sex, age, and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3HPMA and CEMA levels were higher among tobacco smokers (cigarettes, cigars, and pipe users) than among non-tobacco users. The median 3HPMA levels for tobacco smokers and non-tobacco users were 1,089 and 219 \u03bcg\/g creatinine, respectively. Similarly, median CEMA levels were 203 \u03bcg\/g creatinine for tobacco smokers and 78.8 \u03bcg\/g creatinine for non-tobacco users. Regression analysis showed that serum cotinine was a significant positive predictor (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) of both 3HPMA and CEMA among tobacco smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoke was a significant predictor of acrolein exposure in the U.S. population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alwis KU, deCastro BR, Morrow JC, Blount BC. 2015. Acrolein exposure in U.S. tobacco smokers and non-tobacco users: NHANES 2005\u20132006. Environ Health Perspect 123:1302\u20131308;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409251<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T11:56:25Z","timestamp":1432900585000},"page":"1302-1308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Acrolein Exposure in U.S. Tobacco Smokers and Non-Tobacco Users: NHANES 2005\u20132006"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"K. Udeni","family":"Alwis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Rey","family":"deCastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Blount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.04.009","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 28 urinary VOC metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI\/MSMS).","volume":"750","author":"Alwis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7337","article-title":"Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements.","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.016","article-title":"Increased levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein in the brain in preclinical Alzheimer disease.","volume":"48","author":"Bradley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.024158","article-title":"Mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke: a description of the World Health Organization TobReg proposal.","volume":"17","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800479s","article-title":"Effects of smoking cessation on eight urinary tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers.","volume":"22","author":"Carmella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700075y","article-title":"Quantitation of acrolein-derived (3-hydroxypropyl)mercapturic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: effects of cigarette smoking.","volume":"20","author":"Carmella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3222","article-title":"Multi-rule quality control for the age-related eye disease study.","volume":"27","author":"Caudill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit8","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).\n          \n          2005\u20132006. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.NHANES 2005\u20132006Available: http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/nhanes05_06.aspx [accessed 26 November 2014]."},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit9","first-page":"542","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults \u2013 United States, 2012-2013.","volume":"63","author":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096926","article-title":"Acrolein and asthma attack prevalence in a representative sample of the United States adult population 2000\u20132009.","volume":"9","author":"deCastro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit11","unstructured":"DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services).\n          \n          2006. Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure. Excerpts from the Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA:DHHS.Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/sgr\/2006\/pdfs\/childrens-excerpt.pdf [accessed 9 September 2014]."},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit12","unstructured":"DHHS.\n          \n          2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014. Atlanta, GA:DHHS.Available: http:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.gov\/library\/reports\/50-years-of-progress\/full-report.pdf [accessed 12 July 2014]."},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7022","article-title":"Effects of 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and their photochemical degradation products on human lung cells.","volume":"112","author":"Doyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.03.001","article-title":"Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants.","volume":"214","author":"Eckert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90192-6","article-title":"Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes.","volume":"11","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15404","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607031103","article-title":"Acrolein is a major cigarette-related lung cancer agent: preferential binding at p53 mutational hotspots and inhibition of DNA repair.","volume":"103","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.4.424","article-title":"Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke.","volume":"12","author":"Fowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2010.498477","article-title":"Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products.","volume":"44","author":"Gu\u00e9raud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100068","article-title":"Protein-conjugated acrolein as a biochemical marker of brain infarction.","volume":"55","author":"Igarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1341093","article-title":"Biosynthesis of mercapturic acids from allyl alcohol, allyl esters and acrolein.","volume":"134","author":"Kaye","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.018","article-title":"Anti-acrolein treatment improves behavioral outcome and alleviates myelin damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse.","volume":"173","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.0019","article-title":"Biotransformation of acrolein in rat: excretion of mercapturic acids after inhalation and intraperitoneal injection.","volume":"136","author":"Linhart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.04.016","article-title":"Type-2 alkenes mediate synaptotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"29","author":"Lopachin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00385-6","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric determination of 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid in human urine.","volume":"750","author":"Mascher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8850","article-title":"Trends in the exposure of nonsmokers in the U.S. population to secondhand smoke: 1988\u20132002.","volume":"114","author":"Pirkle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530400021033","article-title":"Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991.","volume":"275","author":"Pirkle","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039255","article-title":"A tobacco-related carcinogen: assessing the impact of smoking behaviours of cohabitants on benzene exposure in children.","volume":"21","author":"Protano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2011.650789","article-title":"Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: a review of published and other publicly available studies.","volume":"42","author":"Roemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2003.08.006","article-title":"Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions.","volume":"195","author":"Roemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp126","article-title":"Population estimates for biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke in adult U.S. cigarette smokers.","volume":"11","author":"Roethig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.09.001","article-title":"Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany.","volume":"47","author":"Scherer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3659","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of mercapturic acids derived from ethylene oxide (HEMA), propylene oxide (2-HPMA), acrolein (3-HPMA), acrylamide (AAMA) and N,N-dimethylformamide (AMCC) in human urine using liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry.","volume":"22","author":"Schettgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100217","article-title":"Acrolein-mediated injury in nervous system trauma and diseases.","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700412","article-title":"Acrolein: sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease.","volume":"52","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201190034","article-title":"Acrolein [Editorial].","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100148","article-title":"Acrolein induced DNA damage, mutagenicity and effect on DNA repair.","volume":"55","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.12.143","article-title":"Augmented glutathione synthesis decreases acrolein toxicity.","volume":"418","author":"Tomitori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit38","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).\n          \n          2002. Technology Transfer Network. 2002 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment. Summary of Results for the 2002 National-Scale Assessment. National Noncancer Hazard Drivers: Acrolein. Washington, DC:U.S. EPA.Available: http:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/nata2002\/web\/html\/risksum.html [accessed 18 May 2014]."},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit39","article-title":"Determination of sugars in tobacco filler using liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","author":"Wang L, Watson C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120253","article-title":"Increased protein-conjugated acrolein and amyloid-\u03b240\/42 ratio in plasma of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"32","author":"Waragai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100255","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based quantification of myocardial protein adducts with acrolein in an in vivo model of oxidative stress.","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.01.020","article-title":"Inverse correlation between stroke and urinary 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, an acrolein-glutathione metabolite.","volume":"413","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026080608020510800_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100149","article-title":"Acrolein scavengers: reactivity, mechanism and impact on health.","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/12\/1302\/66438334\/ehp.1409251.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/123\/12\/1302\/66438334\/ehp.1409251.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:48:59Z","timestamp":1786628939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1409251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]}}}