{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:43:07Z","timestamp":1791240187075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":938,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) may potentially disturb fetal Leydig cell hormone production and male genital development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to study the associations between levels of amniotic fluid PFOS, fetal steroid hormone, and insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) and the prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the Danish National Patient Registry, we selected 270 cryptorchidism cases, 75 hypospadias cases, and 300 controls with stored maternal amniotic fluid samples available in a Danish pregnancy-screening biobank (1980\u20131996). We used mass spectrometry to measure PFOS in amniotic fluid from 645 persons and steroid hormones in samples from 545 persons. INSL3 was measured by immunoassay from 475 persons. Associations between PFOS concentration in amniotic fluid, hormone levels, and genital malformations were assessed by confounder-adjusted linear and logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The highest tertile of PFOS exposure (&amp;gt; 1.4 ng\/mL) in amniotic fluid was associated with a 40% (95% CI: \u201369, \u201311%) lower INSL3 level and an 18% (95% CI: 7, 29%) higher testosterone level compared with the lowest tertile (&amp;lt; 0.8 ng\/mL). Amniotic fluid PFOS concentration was not associated with cryptorchidism or hypospadias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental PFOS exposure was associated with steroid hormone and INSL3 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with cryptorchidism or hypospadias in our study population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether associations with fetal hormone levels may have long-term implications for reproductive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toft G, J\u00f6nsson BA, Bonde JP, N\u00f8rgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R, Lindhard MS. 2016. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal Leydig cell function, and cryptorchidism and hypospadias in Danish boys (1980\u20131996). Environ Health Perspect 124:151\u2013156;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409288<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1433506354000},"page":"151-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid, Biomarkers of Fetal Leydig Cell Function, and Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias in Danish Boys (1980\u20131996)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Toft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo A.G.","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bent","family":"N\u00f8rgaard-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arieh","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian H.","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ivell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Anand-Ivell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten S.","family":"Lindhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Randers, Randers, Denmark"},{"name":"Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080607052506100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0486","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 as a monitor of endocrine disruption.","volume":"147","author":"Anand-Ivell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026080607052506100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den038","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 levels in amniotic fluid of human male fetuses.","volume":"23","author":"Anand-Ivell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026080607052506100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det349","article-title":"Circulating Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) in 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