{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:51:24Z","timestamp":1792144284310,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":906,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Very little is currently known about air pollutants\u2019 adverse effects on neurodegenerative diseases even though recent studies have linked particulate exposures to brain pathologies associated with Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we investigated long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a case\u2013control study of 1,696 Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients identified from Danish hospital registries and diagnosed 1996\u20132009 and 1,800 population controls matched by sex and year of birth, we assessed long-term traffic-related air pollutant exposures (represented by nitrogen dioxide; NO2) from a dispersion model, using residential addresses from 1971 to the date of diagnosis or first cardinal symptom for cases and the corresponding index date for their matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with logistic regression, adjusting for matching factors and potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found ambient air pollution from traffic sources to be associated with risk of PD, with a 9% higher risk (95% CI: 3, 16.0%) per interquartile range increase (2.97 \u03bcg\/m3) in modeled NO2. For participants living for \u2265 20 years in the capital city, ORs were larger (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.31) than in provincial towns (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.26), whereas there was no association among rural residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings raise concerns about potential effects of air pollution from traffic and other sources on the risk of PD, particularly in populations with high or increasing exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ritz B, Lee PC, Hansen J, Funch Lassen C, Ketzel M, S\u00f8rensen M, Raaschou-Nielsen O. 2016. Traffic-related air pollution and Parkinson\u2019s disease in Denmark: a case\u2013control study. Environ Health Perspect 124:351\u2013356;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409313<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T12:03:00Z","timestamp":1436270580000},"page":"351-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Denmark: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Beate","family":"Ritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, College of Healthcare Administration and Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnni","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina Funch","family":"Lassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish 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