{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:24:37Z","timestamp":1789129477246,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":693,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological studies have identified associations between air pollution and green space access with type 2 diabetes in adults. However, it remains unclear to what extent associations with greenness are attributable to air pollution exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and satellite-derived greenness with insulin resistance in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 837 participants of two German birth cohorts (LISAplus and GINIplus) were included in the analysis. Generalized additive models were used to determine the association of individual satellite-derived greenness defined by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), long-term air pollution exposure estimated by land-use regression (LUR) models with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in 15-year-old adolescents. Models were adjusted for study area, cohort, socioeconomic, and individual characteristics such as body mass index, physical activity, and smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increases of 2 SDs in nitrogen dioxide (NO2; 8.9 \u03bcg\/m3) and particulate matter \u2264 10 \u03bcm in diameter (PM10; 6.7 \u03bcg\/m3) were significantly associated with 11.4% (95% CI: 4.4, 18.9) and 11.4% (95% CI: 0.4, 23.7) higher HOMA-IR. A 2-SD increase in NDVI in a 1,000-m buffer (0.2 units) was significantly associated with a lower HOMA-IR (\u20137.4%; 95% CI: \u201313.3, \u20131.1). Associations tended to be stronger in adolescents who spent more time outside and in those with lower socioeconomic status. In combined models including both air pollution and greenness, only NO2 remained significantly associated with HOMA-IR, whereas effect estimates for all other exposures attenuated after adjustment for NO2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NO2, often considered as a marker of traffic, was independently associated with insulin resistance. The observed association between higher greenness exposure and lower HOMA-IR in adolescents might thus be attributable mainly to the lower co-exposure to traffic-related air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thiering E, Markevych I, Br\u00fcske I, Fuertes E, Kratzsch J, Sugiri D, Hoffmann B, von Berg A, Bauer CP, Koletzko S, Berdel D, Heinrich J. 2016. Associations of residential long-term air pollution exposures and satellite-derived greenness with insulin resistance in German adolescents. Environ Health Perspect 124:1291\u20131298;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1509967<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T13:55:52Z","timestamp":1454680552000},"page":"1291-1298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Associations of Residential Long-Term Air Pollution Exposures and Satellite-Derived Greenness with Insulin Resistance in German Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Thiering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iana","family":"Markevych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Br\u00fcske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kratzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Sugiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Medical School, the Heinrich Heine University of D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"von\u202fBerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Peter","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Koletzko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietrich","family":"Berdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810452483700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.09.003","article-title":"A study of community design, greenness, and physical activity in children using satellite, GPS and accelerometer data.","volume":"18","author":"Almanza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810452483700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1325","article-title":"Is neighborhood green space associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes? 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