{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:40:49Z","timestamp":1791862849875,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":679,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm birth (PTB) has been associated with exposure to air pollution, but it is unclear whether effects might vary among air pollution sources and components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the relationships between PTB and exposure to different components of air pollution, including gases and particulate matter (PM) by size fraction, chemical composition, and sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fine and ultrafine PM (respectively, PM2.5 and PM0.1) by source and composition were modeled across California over 2000\u20132008. Measured PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations were spatially interpolated using empirical Bayesian kriging. Primary traffic emissions at fine scale were modeled using CALINE4 and traffic indices. Data on maternal characteristics, pregnancies, and birth outcomes were obtained from birth certificates. Associations between PTB (n = 442,314) and air pollution exposures defined according to the maternal residence at birth were examined using a nested matched case\u2013control approach. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, race\/ethnicity, education and neighborhood income.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted odds ratios for PTB in association with interquartile range (IQR) increases in average exposure during pregnancy were 1.133 (95% CI: 1.118, 1.148) for total PM2.5, 1.096 (95% CI: 1.085, 1.108) for ozone, and 1.079 (95% CI: 1.065, 1.093) for nitrogen dioxide. For primary PM, the strongest associations per IQR by source were estimated for onroad gasoline (9\u201311% increase), followed by onroad diesel (6\u20138%) and commercial meat cooking (4\u20137%). For PM2.5 composition, the strongest positive associations per IQR were estimated for nitrate, ammonium, and secondary organic aerosols (11\u201314%), followed by elemental and organic carbon (2\u20134%). Associations with local traffic emissions were positive only when analyses were restricted to births with residences geocoded at the tax parcel level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our statewide nested case\u2013control study population, exposures to both primary and secondary pollutants were associated with an increase in PTB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laurent O, Hu J, Li L, Kleeman MJ, Bartell SM, Cockburn M, Escobedo L, Wu J. 2016. A statewide nested case\u2013control study of preterm birth and air pollution by source and composition: California, 2001\u20132008. Environ Health Perspect 124:1479\u20131486;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1510133<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T11:45:04Z","timestamp":1455882304000},"page":"1479-1486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["A Statewide Nested Case\u2013Control Study of Preterm Birth and Air Pollution by Source and Composition: California, 2001\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Laurent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianfa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kleeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Bartell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loraine","family":"Escobedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026080506023769000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth.","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080506023769000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies.","volume":"115","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080506023769000_micit3","article-title":"CALINE4: A Dispersion Model for Predicting Air Pollutant Concentrations Near Roadways.","author":"Benson PE","year":"1989"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026080506023769000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087","article-title":"PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models.","volume":"40","author":"Boylan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080506023769000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes.","volume":"116","author":"Brauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080506023769000_micit6","unstructured":"CALTRANS (California Department of Transportation)\n          . 2012. 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