{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:40:50Z","timestamp":1791862850520,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":693,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have suggested associations between air pollution and various birth outcomes, but the evidence for preterm birth is mixed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to assess the relationship between air pollution and preterm birth using 2008\u20132010 New York City (NYC) birth certificates linked to hospital records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 258,294 singleton births with 22\u201342 completed weeks gestation to nonsmoking mothers. Exposures to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during the first, second, and cumulative third trimesters within 300 m of maternal address were estimated using data from the NYC Community Air Survey and regulatory monitors. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of spontaneous preterm (gestation &amp;lt; 37 weeks) births for the first- and second-trimester exposures in a logistic mixed model, and the third-trimester cumulative exposures in a discrete time survival model, adjusting for maternal characteristics and delivery hospital. Spatial and temporal components of estimated exposures were also separately analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PM2.5 was not significantly associated with spontaneous preterm birth. NO2 in the second trimester was negatively associated with spontaneous preterm birth in the adjusted model (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97 per 20 ppb). Neither pollutant was significantly associated with spontaneous preterm birth based on adjusted models of temporal exposures, whereas the spatial exposures showed significantly reduced odds ratios (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.96 per 10 \u03bcg\/m3 PM2.5 and 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.98 per 20 ppb NO2). Without adjustment for hospital, these negative associations were stronger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither PM2.5 nor NO2 was positively associated with spontaneous preterm delivery in NYC. Delivery hospital was an important spatial confounder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Johnson S, Bobb JF, Ito K, Savitz DA, Elston B, Shmool JL, Dominici F, Ross Z, Clougherty JE, Matte T. 2016. Ambient fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and preterm birth in New York City. Environ Health Perspect 124:1283\u20131290;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1510266<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T13:55:53Z","timestamp":1454680553000},"page":"1283-1290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Preterm Birth in New York City"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Bobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, and"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Elston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, and"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie L.C.","family":"Shmool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zev","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Clougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Matte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050600965882","article-title":"Epidemiology of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes.","volume":"19","author":"Ananth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0514-z","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter and preterm birth or birth weight: a review of the literature.","volume":"84","author":"Bosetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes.","volume":"116","author":"Brauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr403","article-title":"Time-to-event analysis of fine particle air pollution and preterm birth: results from North Carolina, 2001\u20132005.","volume":"175","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70175-9","article-title":"Institutional influences on the primary cesarean section rate in Utah, 1992 to 1995.","volume":"179","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7128f","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preterm birth: a time-series analysis.","volume":"20","author":"Darrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.004","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, preterm birth and term birth weight in the PIAMA birth cohort study.","volume":"111","author":"Gehring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903163201106","article-title":"The physician factor in cesarean birth rates.","volume":"320","author":"Goyert","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01010.x","article-title":"Maternal exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia.","volume":"113","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-16","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on gestational age is modified by season in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"6","author":"Jalaludin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit11","first-page":"545","article-title":"First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny County, PA.","volume":"2013","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2002.00425.x","article-title":"Trends and characteristics of induced labour in the United States, 1989\u201398.","volume":"16","author":"MacDorman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706475","article-title":"Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth.","volume":"359","author":"Moster","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081810470070900_micit14","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health\n          . 2015. 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