{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:36:26Z","timestamp":1791261386656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4980,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nursing infants may be exposed to lead from breast milk, but relatively few data exist with which to evaluate and quantify this relationship. This route of exposure constitutes a potential infant hazard from mothers with current ongoing exposure to lead as well as from mothers who have been exposed previously due to the redistribution of cumulative maternal bone lead stores. We studied the relationship between maternal breast milk lead and infant blood lead levels among 255 mother\u2013infant pairs exclusively or partially breast-feeding through 1 month of age in Mexico City. A rigorous, well-validated technique was used to collect, prepare, and analyze the samples of breast milk to minimize the potential for environmental contamination and maximize the percent recovery of lead. Umbilical cord and maternal blood lead were measured at delivery; 1 month after delivery (\u00b1 5 days) maternal blood, bone, and breast milk and infant blood lead levels were obtained. Levels of lead at 1 month postpartum were, for breast milk, 0.3\u20138.0 \u03bcg\/L (mean \u00b1 SD, 1.5 \u00b1 1.2); maternal blood lead, 2.9\u201329.9 \u03bcg\/dL (mean \u00b1 SD, 9.4 \u00b1 4.5); and infant blood lead, 1.0\u201323.1 \u03bcg\/dL (mean \u00b1 SD, 5.5 \u00b1 3.0). Infant blood lead at 1 month postpartum was significantly correlated with umbilical cord (Spearman correlation coefficient rS = 0.40, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and maternal (rS = 0.42, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) blood lead at delivery and with maternal blood (rS = 0.67, p &amp;lt; 0.0001), patella (rS = 0.19, p = 0.004), and breast milk (rS = 0.32, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) lead at 1 month postpartum. Adjusting for cord blood lead, infant weight change, and reported breast-feeding status, a difference of approximately 2 \u03bcg\/L (ppb; from the midpoint of the lowest quartile to the midpoint of the highest quartile) breast milk lead was associated with a 0.82 \u03bcg\/dL increase in blood lead for breast-feeding infants at 1 month of age. Breast milk lead accounted for 12% of the variance of infant blood lead levels, whereas maternal blood lead accounted for 30%. Although these levels of lead in breast milk were low, they clearly have a strong influence on infant blood lead levels over and above the influence of maternal blood lead. Additional information on the lead content of dietary alternatives and interactions with other nutritional factors should be considered. However, because human milk is the best and most complete nutritional source for young infants, breast-feeding should be encouraged because the absolute values of the effects are small within this range of lead concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,11]],"date-time":"2004-05-11T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1084273703000},"page":"1381-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Effect of Breast Milk Lead on Infant Blood Lead Levels at 1 Month of Age"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Adrienne S.","family":"Ettinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Environmental Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"2Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Mar\u00eda","family":"T\u00e9llez-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra","family":"Amarasiriwardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Departments of Nutrition,"},{"name":"6Society, Human Development, and Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Environmental Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"2Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"7Occupational Health Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026080513032843700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379701300403","article-title":"Breast-feeding exposure of infants to cadmium, lead, and mercury: a public health viewpoint","volume":"13","author":"Abadin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080513032843700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.1035","article-title":"Breast-feeding and the use of human milk","volume":"100","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Work Group on Breast-feeding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080513032843700_micit3","author":"De Le\u00f3n"},{"key":"2026080513032843700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6615","article-title":"Levels of lead in breast milk and their relation to maternal blood and bone lead levels at one month postpartum","volume":"112","author":"Ettinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080513032843700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(97)90058-5","article-title":"Pregnancy increases mobilization of lead from maternal skeleton","volume":"130","author":"Gulson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2026080513032843700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106667","article-title":"Relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine, and diet of the infant and 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