{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:43:00Z","timestamp":1793194980979,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4939,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to estimate exposure of pregnant women in Poland to fine particulate matter [\u22642.5 \u03bcm in diameter (PM2.5)] and to assess its effect on the birth outcomes. The cohort consisted of 362 pregnant women who gave birth between 34 and 43 weeks of gestation. The enrollment included only nonsmoking women with singleton pregnancies, 18\u201335 years of age, who were free from chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. PM2.5 was measured by personal air monitoring over 48 hr during the second trimester of pregnancy. All assessed birth effects were adjusted in multiple linear regression models for potential confounding factors such as the size of mother (maternal height, prepregnancy weight), parity, sex of child, gestational age, season of birth, and self-reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The regression model explained 35% of the variability in birth weight (\u03b2 = \u2212200.8, p = 0.03), and both regression coefficients for PM2.5 and birth length (\u03b2 = \u22121.44, p = 0.01) and head circumference (HC; \u03b2 = \u22120.73, p = 0.02) were significant as well. In all regression models, the effect of ETS was insignificant. Predicted reduction in birth weight at an increase of exposure from 10 to 50 \u03bcg\/m3 was 140.3 g. The corresponding predicted reduction of birth length would be 1.0 cm, and of HC, 0.5 cm. The study provides new and convincing epidemiologic evidence that high personal exposure to fine particles is associated with adverse effects on the developing fetus. These results indicate the need to reduce ambient fine particulate concentrations. However, further research should establish possible biologic mechanisms explaining the observed relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,21]],"date-time":"2004-06-21T15:45:57Z","timestamp":1087832757000},"page":"1398-1402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Estimated Risk for Altered Fetal Growth Resulting from Exposure to Fine Particles during Pregnancy: An Epidemiologic Prospective Cohort Study in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Wieslaw","family":"Jedrychowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivona","family":"Bendkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Flak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Penar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Jacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Kaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Camann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederica P.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080513025026200_micit1","first-page":"32","article-title":"The results of an epidemiological study of congenital developmental defects in children in cities with different levels of atmospheric pollution [in Russian]","volume":"3","author":"Antipenko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk"},{"key":"2026080513025026200_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.2.363","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy among women living near petrochemical industries in Sweden","volume":"17","author":"Axelsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080513025026200_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/23.3.197","article-title":"Effects of maternal intelligence, marital status, income, and home environment on cognitive development of low birthweight infants","volume":"23","author":"Bacharach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2026080513025026200_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.12.812","article-title":"Does living near a constellation of petrochemical, steel and other industries impair health?","volume":"55","author":"Bhopal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080513025026200_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.3.237","article-title":"Is living near a coking works harmful to health? 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