{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1791117393236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4860,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effects of prenatal exposure to pollutants from the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on fetal growth and subsequent health and development of exposed children remain a source of concern. We assessed the impact of gestational timing of the disaster and distance from the WTC in the 4 weeks after 11 September on the birth outcomes of 300 nonsmoking women who were pregnant at the time of the event. They were recruited at delivery between December 2001 and June 2002 from three hospitals close to the WTC site. Residential and work addresses of all participants for each of the 4 weeks after 11 September 2001 were geocoded for classification by place and timing of exposure. Average daily hours spent at each location were based on the women\u2019s reports for each week. Biomedical pregnancy and delivery data extracted from the medical records of each mother and newborn included medical complications, type of delivery, length of gestation, birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. Term infants born to women who were pregnant on 11 September 2001 and who were living within a 2-mile radius of the WTC during the month after the event showed significant decrements in term birth weight (\u2212149 g) and birth length (\u22120.82 cm), compared with infants born to the other pregnant women studied, after controlling for sociodemographic and biomedical risk factors. The decrements remained significant with adjustment for gestational duration (\u2212122 g and \u22120.74 cm, respectively). Women in the first trimester of pregnancy at the time of the WTC event delivered infants with significantly shorter gestation (\u22123.6 days) and a smaller head circumference (\u22120.48 cm), compared with women at later stages of pregnancy, regardless of the distance of their residence or work sites from the WTC. The observed adverse effects suggest an impact of pollutants and\/or stress related to the WTC disaster and have implications for the health and development of exposed children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]],"date-time":"2004-09-08T08:12:44Z","timestamp":1094631164000},"page":"1772-1778","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["The Effects of the World Trade Center Event on Birth Outcomes among Term Deliveries at Three Lower Manhattan Hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Sally Ann","family":"Lederman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet L.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Hoepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederica P.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.7.1505","article-title":"Stress and immune mediators in miscarriage","volume":"16","author":"Arck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1215","article-title":"Annual summary of vital statistics\u20142002","volume":"112","author":"Arias","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143403","article-title":"Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation","volume":"224","author":"Axelrod","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6053","article-title":"Low birth weight and residential proximity to PCB-contaminated waste sites","volume":"111","author":"Baibergenova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03864.x","article-title":"Growth in utero and coronary heart disease","volume":"54","author":"Barker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nut Rev"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.595-b","article-title":"The World Trade Center disaster and intrauterine growth restriction [Letter]","volume":"290","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity","volume":"108","author":"Bobak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.8.539","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes and outdoor air pollution: an ecological study in districts of the Czech Republic 1986\u20138","volume":"56","author":"Bobak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit10","first-page":"642","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2000","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/089583701753403962","article-title":"Air pollution and birth weight in northern Nevada, 1991\u20131999","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11814-9","article-title":"World Trade Center cough","volume":"360","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820009075621","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of labor\/delivery complications and infant birth-weight: a prospective multivariate study","volume":"21","author":"Da Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107475","article-title":"Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Dejmek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.001081159","article-title":"The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles on pregnancy outcome","volume":"108","author":"Dejmek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110601","article-title":"The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth","volume":"110","author":"Dejmek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.955","article-title":"Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity","volume":"59","author":"Dietz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit18","first-page":"39","article-title":"Maternal stress and preterm delivery","volume":"3","author":"Dunkel-Schetter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prenat Neonat Med"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.111066","article-title":"When stress happens matters: effects of earthquake timing on stress responsivity in pregnancy","volume":"184","author":"Glynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-199612000-00006","article-title":"Prediction of prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Goepfert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70712-X","article-title":"Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with stress at 20 weeks gestation in pregnancies ending in preterm delivery","volume":"180","author":"Hobel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.12.1498","article-title":"Potential exposures to airborne and settled surface dust in residential areas of lower Manhattan following the collapse of the World Trade Center\u2014New York City, November 4\u2013December 11, 2001","volume":"289","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(94)90024-8","article-title":"Human exposure to complex mixtures of air pollutants","volume":"72","author":"Lewtas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/152873901316857743","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcome in a petrochemical polluted area in Taiwan","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110703","article-title":"Characterization of the dust\/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001","volume":"110","author":"Lioy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.11.1.32","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress and prematurity: a prospective study of socioeconomically disadvantaged women","volume":"11","author":"Lobel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199903000-00006","article-title":"Air pollution and infant mortality in Mexico City","volume":"10","author":"Loomis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7308.310","article-title":"Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study","volume":"323","author":"Matte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5930","article-title":"Chemical analysis of World Trade Center fine particulate matter for use in toxicologic assessment","volume":"111","author":"McGee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit30","first-page":"453","article-title":"Occupational exposures to air contaminants at the World Trade Center Disaster site\u2014New York, September \u2013 October, 2002","volume":"51","author":"McKinney","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit31","author":"NYC Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.1.75","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to stress at a psychological assessment of stress tolerance is associated with impaired fetal growth","volume":"30","author":"Nilsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1021\/es025730g","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants in the dusts that settled across lower Manhattan after September 11, 2001","volume":"37","author":"Offenburg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit34","first-page":"325","article-title":"Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Pereira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5742","article-title":"Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population","volume":"111","author":"Perera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009451","article-title":"Recent developments in molecular epidemiology: a study of the effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on birth outcomes in Poland","volume":"147","author":"Perera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2004.01.002","article-title":"Developmental effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and material hardship among inner-city children","volume":"26","author":"Rauh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.6.1161","article-title":"Birth weight associated with lowest neonatal mortality: infants of adolescent and adult mothers","volume":"98","author":"Rees","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026080410132768700_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3511","article-title":"Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models","volume":"108","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.342","article-title":"Birthweight, postnatal growth and cognitive function in a national UK birth cohort","volume":"31","author":"Richards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9910717","article-title":"The effect of ambient carbon monoxide on low birth weight among children born in southern California between 1989 and 1993","volume":"107","author":"Ritz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00004","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in southern California between 1989 and 1993","volume":"11","author":"Ritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.17","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and risk of birth defects in Southern California","volume":"155","author":"Ritz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.107656","article-title":"Does augmented growth impose an increased risk of fetal death?","volume":"183","author":"Seeds","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301.5640.1649","article-title":"World Trade Center: Chemical studies of 9\/11 disaster tell complex tale of \u201cbad stuff","volume":"301","author":"Service","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(01)00208-2","article-title":"Effects of cocaine\/polydrug exposure and maternal psychological distress on infant birth outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011353216619","article-title":"Stress and preterm birth: neuroendocrine, immune\/inflammatory, and vascular mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70219-4","article-title":"Maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in the early third trimester predict length of gestation in human pregnancy","volume":"179","author":"Wadhwa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105514","article-title":"Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5688","article-title":"Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994\u20131996","volume":"111","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105608","article-title":"The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States","volume":"105","author":"Woodruff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1995.9935976","article-title":"Acute effects of total suspended particles and sulfur dioxides on preterm delivery: a community-based cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080410132768700_micit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306385","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on birth weight among children born between 1995 and 1997 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/112\/17\/1772\/66385156\/ehp.7348.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/112\/17\/1772\/66385156\/ehp.7348.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:46:12Z","timestamp":1786628772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.7348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.7348","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]}}}