{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:35:52Z","timestamp":1786631752268,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4705,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Here we describe two cases of carbamate poisoning. Patients AMF and PVM were accidentally poisoned by cholinesterase inhibitors. The medical diagnosis in both cases was overcholinergic syndrome, as demonstrated by exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. The widespread use of cholinesterase inhibitors, especially as pesticides, produces a great number of human poisoning events annually. The main known neurotoxic effect of these substances is cholinesterase inhibition, which causes cholinergic overstimulation. Once AMF and PVM had recovered from acute intoxication, they were subjected to extensive neuropsychological evaluation 3 and 12 months after the poisoning event. These assessments point to a cognitive deficit in attention, memory, perceptual, and motor domains 3 months after intoxication. One year later these sequelae remained, even though the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans were interpreted as being within normal limits. We present these cases as examples of neuropsychological profiles of long-term sequelae related to acute poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides and show the usefulness of neuropsychological assessment in detecting central nervous system dysfunction in the absence of biochemical or structural markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]],"date-time":"2005-02-10T14:10:50Z","timestamp":1108044650000},"page":"762-766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Chronic Neuropsychological Sequelae of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Absence of Structural Brain Damage: Two Cases of Acute Poisoning"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Lola","family":"Rold\u00e1n-Tapia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almer\u00eda, Almer\u00eda, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Hospital de Poniente, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Laynez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Hospital de Poniente, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando S\u00e1nchez","family":"Santed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departamento de Neurociencia y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Almer\u00eda, Almer\u00eda, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026080411014588700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.58.8.484-497","article-title":"Organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity","volume":"58","author":"Abou-Donia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8173","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.15.8173","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase-transgenic mice display embryonic modulations in spinal cord choline acetyltransferase and neurexim beta gene expression by late onset neuromotor deterioration","volume":"94","author":"Andres","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00121-6","article-title":"Transgenic acetylcholinesterase induces enlargement of murine neuromuscular junctions but leaves spinal cord intact","volume":"32","author":"Andres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(95)00211-9","article-title":"Transgenic expression of human cholinesterase induces progressive cognitive deterioration in mice","volume":"5","author":"Beeri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69062441.x","article-title":"Enhanced hemicolinium binding and attenuted dentrite branching in cognitively impaired acetylcholinesterase transgenic mice","volume":"69","author":"Beeri","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080411014588700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.3.339.822","article-title":"Practice effects during repeated administration of memory test with and without alternate forms","volume":"20","author":"Benedict","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit8","author":"Benton"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080411014588700_micit9","first-page":"431","article-title":"Eficacia de una f\u00f3rmula de estimaci\u00f3n de la inteligencia prem\u00f3rbida en la poblaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola [in Spanish]","volume":"38","author":"Bilbao-Bilbao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.63.2.711","article-title":"Relationship among anxiety, defensiveness, sex, task difficulty and performance in various neuropsychological tasks","volume":"63","author":"Buckelew","year":"1986","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1995.1012","article-title":"Spatial working and reference memory in rats bred for autonomic sensitivity to cholinergic stimultion: acquisition, accuracy, speed and effects of cholinergic drugs","volume":"63","author":"Bushnell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1035","article-title":"Neurobiology of butyryl-cholinesterase","volume":"4","author":"Darvesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080411014588700_micit13","first-page":"238","article-title":"Neurotoxicology of pyrethrin and the pyrethroid insecticides","volume":"33","author":"Dorman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501401101","article-title":"Neuropsychopathological changes by organo-phosphorus compounds\u2014a review","volume":"14","author":"Eyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit15","first-page":"829","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of insecticides\u2014current and future research: a review","volume":"21","author":"Fengsheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s2239","article-title":"Neuropsychological approaches for the detection and evaluation of toxic symptoms","volume":"104","author":"Fiedler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000154343","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase variants (BCHE and ChE2 loci) associated with erythrocite acetylcholinesterase inhibition in farmers exposed to pesticides","volume":"46","author":"Fontoura-da-Silva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1990.67.2.435","article-title":"Emotional impact on trail making test performance","volume":"67","author":"Gass","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(61)92004-9","article-title":"Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit20","author":"Golden"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit21","author":"Goodglass"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00693.x","article-title":"Structural roles of acetylcholinesterase variants in biology and pathology","volume":"264","author":"Grisaru","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit23","first-page":"86","article-title":"Observations on acute and multiple exposure to anticholinesterase agents","volume":"68","author":"Holmes","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit24","first-page":"133","article-title":"Neurological syndromes of organophosphorus compounds","volume":"16","author":"Jamal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/30741","article-title":"Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression","volume":"393","author":"Kaufer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit26","author":"Lezak"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit27","first-page":"189","article-title":"Mini exa-men cognoscitivo: un test sencillo, pr\u00e1ctico, para detectar alteraciones intelectivas en pacientes m\u00e9dicos [in Spanish]","volume":"3","author":"Lobo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit28","first-page":"145","article-title":"Intoxicaciones por insecticidas organofosforados. Estudio de 500 casos [in Spanish]","volume":"196","author":"Mart\u00edn-Rub\u00ed","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"issue":"5554","key":"2026080411014588700_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066752","article-title":"Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity","volume":"259","author":"Meshorer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit30","author":"Meyers"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit31","author":"Mitrushina"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00043-0","article-title":"Chronic sequelae and irreversible injuries following acute pyrethroid intoxication","volume":"107","author":"M\u00fcller-Mohnssen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit33","author":"Rey"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit34","author":"Rey"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit35","author":"Rey"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit36","first-page":"376","article-title":"Long-lasting neuropsychological sequelae of pesticide poisoning [Abstract]","volume":"12","author":"Rold\u00e1n-Tapia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90356-T","article-title":"Chronic central nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication","volume":"338","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1988.9934372","article-title":"Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning","volume":"43","author":"Savage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit39","author":"SESA\/AET"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.07.011","article-title":"Selective effects of carbamate pesticides on rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on rat brain acetyl-cholinesterase","volume":"193","author":"Smulders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit41","author":"Spreen"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7042.1312","article-title":"Chronic neurological effects of organophosphate pesticide","volume":"312","author":"Steenland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90976-1","article-title":"Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip","volume":"345","author":"Stephens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00219-5","article-title":"Occupational exposure limits for 30 organophosphates pesticide based on inhibition of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase","volume":"150","author":"Storm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit45","author":"Strub"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080411014588700_micit46","first-page":"5","article-title":"Sequelae of acute organic phosphate poisoning","volume":"8","author":"Tabershaw","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080411014588700_micit47","first-page":"285","article-title":"A personality scale of manifest anxiety","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080411014588700_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/107319119800500110","article-title":"Effects on practice in repeated administration of Wechsler Memory Scale Revised in normal adult","volume":"5","author":"Theisen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit49","author":"UNEP"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit50","author":"Wechsler"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit51","author":"Wechsler"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2002.8.1.27","article-title":"Long-term neurobehavioral effects of mild poisoning with organophosphate and N-metyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers","volume":"8","author":"Wesseling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Occup Health"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit53","author":"White"},{"key":"2026080411014588700_micit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899809605705","article-title":"Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"53","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/762\/66388455\/ehp.7545.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/762\/66388455\/ehp.7545.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:18Z","timestamp":1786628838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.7545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.7545","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]}}}