{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:30:30Z","timestamp":1791178230615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4649,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cancer risk assessment methods currently assume that children and adults are equally susceptible to exposure to chemicals. We reviewed available scientific literature to determine whether this was scientifically supported. We identified more than 50 chemicals causing cancer after perinatal exposure. Human data are extremely limited, with radiation exposures showing increased early susceptibility at some tumor sites. Twenty-seven rodent studies for 18 chemicals had sufficient data after postnatal and adult exposures to quantitatively estimate potential increased susceptibility from early-life exposure, calculated as the ratio of juvenile to adult cancer potencies for three study types: acute dosing, repeated dosing, and lifetime dosing. Twelve of the chemicals act through a mutagenic mode of action. For these, the geometric mean ratio was 11 for lifetime exposures and 8.7 for repeat exposures, with a ratio of 10 for these studies combined. The geometric mean ratio for acute studies is 1.5, which was influenced by tissue-specific results [geometric mean ratios for kidney, leukemia, liver, lymph, mammary, nerve, reticular tissue, thymic lymphoma, and uterus\/vagina &amp;gt; 1 (range, 1.6\u20138.1); forestomach, harderian gland, ovaries, and thyroid &amp;lt; 1 (range, 0.033\u20130.45)]. Chemicals causing cancer through other modes of action indicate some increased susceptibility from postnatal exposure (geometric mean ratio is 3.4 for lifetime exposure, 2.2 for repeat exposure). Early exposures to compounds with endocrine activity sometimes produce different tumors after exposures at different ages. These analyses suggest increased susceptibility to cancer from early-life exposure, particularly for chemicals acting through a mutagenic mode of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,12]],"date-time":"2005-04-12T09:45:02Z","timestamp":1113299102000},"page":"1125-1133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Hugh A.","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. James","family":"Cogliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Valcovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Woodrow","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey J.","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026080607013750700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3573","article-title":"Critical windows of exposure for children\u2019s health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models","volume":"108","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5686","article-title":"Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors","volume":"111","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit3","author":"Carlin"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.4.793","article-title":"Tamoxifen induces endometrial and vaginal cancer in rats in the absence of endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"21","author":"Carthew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.8.1577","article-title":"Tamoxifen associated uterine pathology in rodents: relevance to women","volume":"17","author":"Carthew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1993.1121","article-title":"Comparative carcinogenicity of polybrominated biphenyls with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice","volume":"21","author":"Chhabra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1993.1087","article-title":"Comparative carcinogenicity of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice","volume":"21","author":"Chhabra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(92)90139-9","article-title":"Comparative carcinogenicity of the ethylene thiourea with or without perinatal exposure in rats and mice","volume":"18","author":"Chhabra","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1963.85","article-title":"Influence of age on susceptibility to liver carcinogene-sis and skin initiating action by urethane in Swiss mice","volume":"17","author":"Chieco-Bianchi","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080607013750700_micit10","first-page":"687","article-title":"Urethan carcinogenesis in rats: importance of age and dose","volume":"45","author":"Choudari Kommineni","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit11","first-page":"2557","article-title":"Tumorogenicity of sodium ascorbate in male rats","volume":"58","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.11.2743","article-title":"Effects of sodium ascorbate, sodium saccharin and ammonium chloride on the male rat urinary bladder","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(91)90012-K","article-title":"Considerations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s testing approach for mutagenicity","volume":"258","author":"Dearfield","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2026080607013750700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00019-8","article-title":"A survey of EPA\/OPP and open literature on selected pesticide chemicals. 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