{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:02Z","timestamp":1786631822299,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4663,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its 2000 update of the toxicological effects of vinyl chloride (VC), it was concerned with two issues: the classification of VC as a carcinogen and the numerical estimate of its potency. In this commentary we describe how the U.S. EPA review of VC toxicology, which was drafted with substantial input from the chemical industry, weakened safeguards on both points. First, the assessment downplays risks from all cancer sites other than the liver. Second, the estimate of cancer potency was reduced 10-fold from values previously used for environmental decision making, a finding that reduces the cost and extent of pollution reduction and cleanup measures. We suggest that this assessment reflects discredited scientific practices and recommend that the U.S. EPA reverse its trend toward ever-increasing collaborations with the regulated industries when generating scientific reviews and risk assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,24]],"date-time":"2005-03-24T15:32:14Z","timestamp":1111678334000},"page":"809-812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Vinyl Chloride: A Case Study of Data Suppression and Misrepresentation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Jennifer Beth","family":"Sass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Castleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Environmental Consultant, Garrett Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wallinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080423024987000_micit1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Mortality and cancer morbidity in a group of Swedish VCM and PCV production workers","volume":"17","author":"Byren","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026080423024987000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00730-6","article-title":"Comparison of cancer risk estimates for vinyl chloride using animal and human data with a PBPK model","volume":"274","author":"Clewell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080423024987000_micit3","author":"Clewell"},{"key":"2026080423024987000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8141101","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers: mortality through December 31, 1972","volume":"41","author":"Cooper","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080423024987000_micit5","first-page":"150","article-title":"Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride","volume":"16","author":"Creech","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"2026080423024987000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51084.x","article-title":"Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers","volume":"246","author":"Creech","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080423024987000_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1943","article-title":"Effects of exposure to vinyl chloride. 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