{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:08:05Z","timestamp":1791425285748,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4496,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Phthalates adversely affect the male reproductive system in animals. We investigated whether phthalate monoester contamination of human breast milk had any influence on the postnatal surge of reproductive hormones in newborn boys as a sign of testicular dysgenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained biologic samples from a prospective Danish\u2013Finnish cohort study on cryptorchidism from 1997 to 2001. We analyzed individual breast milk samples collected as additive aliquots 1\u20133 months postnatally (n = 130; 62 cryptorchid\/68 healthy boys) for phthalate monoesters [mono-methyl phthalate (mMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (mEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (mBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP), mono-isononyl phthalate (miNP)]. We analyzed serum samples (obtained in 74% of all boys) for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, and inhibin B.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All phthalate monoesters were found in breast milk with large variations [medians (minimum\u2013maximum)]: mMP 0.10 (&amp;lt; 0.01\u20135.53 \u03bcg\/L), mEP 0.95 (0.07\u201341.4 \u03bcg\/L), mBP 9.6 (0.6\u201310,900 \u03bcg\/L), mBzP 1.2 (0.2\u201326 \u03bcg\/L), mEHP 11 (1.5\u20131,410 \u03bcg\/L), miNP 95 (27\u2013469 \u03bcg\/L). Finnish breast milk had higher concentrations of mBP, mBzP, mEHP, and Danish breast milk had higher values for miNP (p = 0.0001\u20130.056). No association was found between phthalate monoester levels and cryptorchidism. However, mEP and mBP showed positive correlations with SHBG (r = 0.323, p = 0.002 and r = 0.272, p = 0.01, respectively); mMP, mEP, and mBP with LH:free testosterone ratio (r = 0.21\u20130.323, p = 0.002\u20130.044) and miNP with luteinizing hormone (r = 0.243, p = 0.019). mBP was negatively correlated with free testosterone (r = \u22120.22, p = 0.033). Other phthalate monoesters showed similar but nonsignificant tendencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data on reproductive hormone profiles and phthalate exposures in newborn boys are in accordance with rodent data and suggest that human Leydig cell development and function may also be vulnerable to perinatal exposure to some phthalates. Our findings are also in line with other recent human data showing incomplete virilization in infant boys exposed to phthalates prenatally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]],"date-time":"2005-09-07T13:57:15Z","timestamp":1126101435000},"page":"270-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":608,"title":["Human Breast Milk Contamination with Phthalates and Alterations of Endogenous Reproductive Hormones in Infants Three Months of Age"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Main","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda K.","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko M.","family":"Kaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Boisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida N.","family":"Damgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Chellakooty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida M.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Maarit","family":"Suomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena E.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen H.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 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