{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:46:41Z","timestamp":1792813601562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4496,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is an idiopathic disease of the nervous system characterized by progressive tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. It has been postulated that exogenous toxicants, including pesticides, might be involved in the etiology of PD. In this article we present a comprehensive review of the published epidemiologic and toxicologic literature and critically evaluate whether a relationship exists between pesticide exposure and PD. From the epidemiologic literature, there does appear to be a relatively consistent relationship between pesticide exposure and PD. This relationship appears strongest for exposure to herbicides and insecticides, and after long durations of exposure. Toxicologic data suggest that paraquat and rotenone may have neurotoxic actions that potentially play a role in the development of PD, with limited data for other pesticides. However, both the epidemiology and toxicology studies were limited by methodologic weaknesses. Particular issues of current and future interest include multiple exposures (both pesticides and other exogenous toxicants), developmental exposures, and gene\u2013environment interactions. At present, the weight of evidence is sufficient to conclude that a generic association between pesticide exposure and PD exists but is insufficient for concluding that this is a causal relationship or that such a relationship exists for any particular pesticide compound or combined pesticide and other exogenous toxicant exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]],"date-time":"2005-09-07T13:57:15Z","timestamp":1126101435000},"page":"156-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":337,"title":["Pesticides and Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014Is There a Link?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Terry P.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Institute for Environment and Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Rumsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Environmental Toxicology, WRc-NSF Ltd., Medmenham, Marlow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Capleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Institute for Environment and Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Institute for Environment and Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard S.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Institute for Environment and Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70108-5","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"83","author":"Adler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00180-8","article-title":"Rotenone destroys dopaminergic neurons and induces parkinsonian symptoms in rats","volume":"136","author":"Alam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit3","first-page":"229","article-title":"Endosulfan toxicity influence on biogenic amines of rat brain","volume":"8","author":"Ansari","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00575.x","article-title":"Production of limbic motor seizures and brain damage by systemic and intracerebral injections of paraquat in rats","volume":"71","author":"Bagetta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01773.x","article-title":"Increased synaptosomal dopamine content and brain concentration of paraquat produced by selective dithiocarbamates","volume":"85","author":"Barlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00578-0","article-title":"Risk factors of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Indian patients","volume":"190","author":"Behari","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00468.x","article-title":"Mechanistic approaches to Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Betarbet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/81834","article-title":"Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Betarbet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit9","author":"Bloomquist"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1150","article-title":"Environmental antecedents of young-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Butterfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80136-3","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA3 neurones after micro-infusion of paraquat into the rat substantia nigra or into the ventral tegmental area","volume":"103","author":"Cal\u00f2","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.781","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Chinese population","volume":"65","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100039901","article-title":"Environmental exposures in elderly Canadians with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100616","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects induced by intracerebral and systemic injection of paraquat in rats","volume":"11","author":"Corasaniti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01434.x","article-title":"Paraquat: A useful tool for the in vivo study of mechanisms of neuronal cell death","volume":"83","author":"Corasaniti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6776","article-title":"Diortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in caudate nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"150","author":"Corrigan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/009841000156907","article-title":"Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Corrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7570","article-title":"Developmental pesticide models of the Parkinson disease phenotype","volume":"113","author":"Cory-Slechta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(88)90171-2","article-title":"Behavioural and electrocortical changes induced by paraquat after injection in specific areas of the brain of the rat","volume":"27","author":"De Gori","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"2026080608085442900_micit20","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts","volume":"54","author":"de Rijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10440","article-title":"Familial influence on Parkinsonism in a rural area of Turkey (Kizilcaboluk-Denizli): a community-based case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Duzcan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500176","article-title":"Validity study of self-reported pesticide exposure among orchardists","volume":"11","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit23","author":"Fahn"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<28::AID-MDS1007>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Fall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit25","first-page":"177","article-title":"Risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease in Nigerian Africans: a case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Falope","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Trop Geograph Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080608085442900_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.1.91","article-title":"Pesticides and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. A population-based case-control study","volume":"62","author":"Firestone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360119","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides","volume":"36","author":"Fleming","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.4.363","article-title":"The genetic basis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"73","author":"Foltynie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1194","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to paraquat or MPTP induces permanent changes in striatum dopamine and behavior in adult mice","volume":"122","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00782.2002","article-title":"Distinct role for microglia in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01228.2003","article-title":"Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the pesticide rotenone and inflammogen lipopolysaccharide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870050116","article-title":"Follow-up study of early-life protective and risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Golbe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit33","author":"Goldman"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1346","article-title":"The risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living","volume":"50","author":"Gorell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052835","article-title":"A case-control study of Parkinson\u2019s disease in urban population of southern Israel","volume":"28","author":"Herishanu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10277","article-title":"A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700170307","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Hertzman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090111","article-title":"A case-control study of Parkinson\u2019s disease in a horticultural region of British Columbia","volume":"9","author":"Hertzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.10.1314","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Hong Kong","volume":"39","author":"Ho","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit40","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality","volume":"39","author":"Hoehn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500232","article-title":"Accuracy of self-reported pesticide use duration information from licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"12","author":"Hoppin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.9.1693","article-title":"Risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Hubble","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.6.1142","article-title":"What features improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"42","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinicopathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit45","first-page":"111","article-title":"Neurotoxicological effects of a pyrethroid formulation, fenvalerate in rats","volume":"73","author":"Husain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit46","first-page":"313","article-title":"Neuropathological lesions after microinfusion of paraquat and MPP+ into different areas of the rat brain","volume":"43","author":"Iannone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(91)90124-T","article-title":"Intra-nigral infusion of Cu-free superoxide dismutase prevents paraquat-induced behavioral stimulation and ECoG epileptogenic discharges in rats","volume":"30","author":"Iannone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070209","article-title":"Exposure to well water and pesticides in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in the Madrid area","volume":"7","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit49","first-page":"883","article-title":"Pilot study of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) in the agricultural health study (AHS)","volume":"22","author":"Kamel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(01)00063-8","article-title":"Striatal dopaminergic pathways as a target for the insecticides per-methrin and chlorpyrifos","volume":"22","author":"Karen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/61.1.100","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of the organochlorine insecticide heptachlor to murine striatal dopaminergic pathways","volume":"61","author":"Kirby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1999.2440","article-title":"In vivo effects of deltamethrin on dopamine neurochemistry and the role of augmented neurotransmitter release","volume":"65","author":"Kirby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pesticide Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.1055","article-title":"Occupational categories at risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Kirkey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00726-2","article-title":"Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress and neurochemical changes contribute to apoptopic cell death in dopaminergic cells","volume":"31","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.8.1218","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Koller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199911)14:6<928::AID-MDS1004>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Kuopio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823561","article-title":"Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis","volume":"219","author":"Langston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1583","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in Taiwan","volume":"48","author":"Liou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.922","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome)","volume":"46","author":"Litvan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10459","article-title":"SIC Task Force appraisal of clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinsonian disorders","volume":"18","author":"Litvan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.7.969","article-title":"Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"55","author":"Litvan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.035048","article-title":"Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharm Exp Ther"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit63","first-page":"119","article-title":"Perinatal effects of two pyrethroid insecticides on brain neurotransmitter function in the neonatal rat","volume":"35","author":"Malaviya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100560200","article-title":"The herbicide paraquat causes up-regulation and aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein in mice","volume":"277","author":"Manning-Bog","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1159\/000026185","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease in an Australian population","volume":"17","author":"McCann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0507","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat","volume":"10","author":"McCormack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit67","first-page":"309","article-title":"Ethylenebisdithio-carbamate enhances MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion in mice","volume":"21","author":"McGrew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03453-9","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease, pesticides, and glutathione transferase polymorphisms","volume":"352","author":"Menegon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03784.x","article-title":"Diethyldithiocarbamate potentiates the neurotoxicity of in vivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and of in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium","volume":"57","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit70","first-page":"631","article-title":"Heptachlor alters expression and function of dopamine transporters","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1994.tb01655.x","article-title":"Risk-factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease: case-control study in the province of C\u00e1ceres, Spain","volume":"89","author":"Morano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(89)90018-4","article-title":"Acute exposure to maneb alters some behavioral functions in the mouse","volume":"11","author":"Morato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1044","article-title":"Epidemiologic observations on Parkinson\u2019s disease: incidence and mortality in a prospective study of middle-aged men","volume":"46","author":"Morens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501400706","article-title":"Further evidence that the blood\/brain barrier impedes paraquat entry into the brain","volume":"14","author":"Naylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit75","first-page":"A472","article-title":"Home pesticide exposure and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.5.378","article-title":"Endotoxin: Is it an environmental factor in the cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"60","author":"Niehaus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(97)00009-4","article-title":"Effects of single and repeated administration of endosulfan on behaviour and its interaction with centrally acting drugs in experimental animals: a mini review","volume":"3","author":"Paul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000026273","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and environmental factors. Matched case-control study in the Limousin region, France","volume":"19","author":"Preux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4264","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a metaanalysis","volume":"86","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit80","first-page":"435","article-title":"A meta-analysis of Parkinson\u2019s disease and exposure to pesticides","volume":"21","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/64.2.216","article-title":"Dopamine transporter binding in the rat striatum is increased by gestational, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to heptachlor","volume":"64","author":"Purkerson-Parker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6770","article-title":"Toxicity of dieldrin for dopaminergic neurons in mesencephalic cultures","volume":"150","author":"Sanchez-Ramos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.4.728","article-title":"Paraquat and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Sanchez-Ramos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7179.311","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"318","author":"Schapira","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.4.645","article-title":"Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in black populations in the rural United States and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies","volume":"38","author":"Schoenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1275","article-title":"Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in Germany","volume":"46","author":"Seidler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117497","article-title":"Effects of agricultural work and other proxy-derived case-control data on Parkinson\u2019s disease risk estimates","volume":"141","author":"Semchuk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.7.1328","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals","volume":"42","author":"Semchuk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1173","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: a test of the multifactorial etiologic hypothesis","volume":"43","author":"Semchuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit90","first-page":"623","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of endosulfan in young and adult rats","volume":"7","author":"Seth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit91","first-page":"192","article-title":"Environment, mitochondria, and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Sherer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02750-1","article-title":"Paraquat induces long-lasting dopamine overflow through the excitotoxic pathway in the striatum of freely moving rats","volume":"976","author":"Shimizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02577-X","article-title":"Carrier-mediated processes in blood\u2014brain barrier penetration and neural uptake of paraquat","volume":"906","author":"Shimizu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit94","first-page":"709","article-title":"A case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy","volume":"19","author":"Smargiassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050328","article-title":"Toxicity of fungicides containing ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate in serumless dissociated mesencephalicstriatal primary coculture","volume":"70","author":"Soleo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00715-8","article-title":"Comparison of base-excision repair capacity in proliferating and differentiated PC 12 cells following acute challenge with dieldrin","volume":"31","author":"Stedeford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530210029018","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. A case-control study of young-onset and old-onset patients","volume":"48","author":"Stern","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit98","first-page":"167","article-title":"Maneb enhances MPTP neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"66","author":"Takahashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit99","first-page":"133","article-title":"Is the cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease environmental or hereditary? Evidence from twin studies","volume":"91","author":"Tanner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.5.660","article-title":"Environmental factors and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in China","volume":"39","author":"Tanner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050316","article-title":"Effects of paraquat on mitochondrial electron transport system and catecholamine contents in rat brain","volume":"70","author":"Tawara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<742::AID-AJMG29>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Environmental, medical, and family history risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a New England-based case control study","volume":"88","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500238","article-title":"Questionnaire assessment of nonoccupational pesticide exposure in epidemiologic studies of cancer","volume":"12","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02496-3","article-title":"Potentiated and preferential effects of combined paraquat and maneb on nigrostriatal dopamine systems: environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"873","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02781.x","article-title":"Age-related irreversible progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the paraquat and maneb model of the Parkinson\u2019s disease phenotype","volume":"18","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03139.x","article-title":"Risk factors for dopaminergic neuron loss in human \u03b1-synuclein transgenic mice","volume":"19","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09207.2000","article-title":"The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit108","first-page":"872","article-title":"Developmental exposure to the pesticides paraquat and maneb and the Parkinson\u2019s disease phenotype","volume":"22","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10305","article-title":"Systematic review of incidence studies of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Twelves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00067-0","article-title":"Synergistic effects of pesticides and metals on the fibrillation of \u03b1-synuclein: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Uversky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02597-2","article-title":"Pesticides directly accelerate the rate of \u03b1-synuclein fibril formation: a possible factor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"500","author":"Uversky","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"2026080608085442900_micit112","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a community-based case-control study among a population characterised by a high prevalence of exposure","volume":"17","author":"Vidal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90177-5","article-title":"Reliability of environmental and occupational exposure data provided by surrogate respondents in a case-control study of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit114","first-page":"387","article-title":"A pilot study of occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Wechsler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1999000300001","article-title":"Genetics, drugs and environmental factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease. A case-control study","volume":"57","author":"Werneck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601500308","article-title":"Influence of age on the passage of paraquat through the blood-brain barrier in rats: a distribution and pathological examination","volume":"15","author":"Widdowson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530150055018","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in siblings with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Wong","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit118","first-page":"191","article-title":"Does paraquat (PQ) mimic MPP+ toxicity?","volume":"32","author":"Woolley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc West Pharmacol Soc"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100030584","article-title":"Environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Zayed","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01525.x","article-title":"Manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate and selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rat: a link through mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026080608085442900_micit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.1o040.x","article-title":"Familial and environmental risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study in north-east Italy","volume":"105","author":"Zorzon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/114\/2\/156\/66436096\/ehp.8095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/114\/2\/156\/66436096\/ehp.8095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:50:37Z","timestamp":1786629037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.8095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]]}}}