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Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to contribute etiologically. Evidence from twin, family, and genetic studies supports a role for an inherited predisposition to the development of autism. Nonetheless, clinical, neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that gene penetrance and expression may be influenced, in some cases strongly, by the prenatal and early postnatal environmental milieu. Sporadic studies link autism to xenobiotic chemicals and\/or viruses, but few methodologically rigorous investigations have been undertaken. In light of major gaps in understanding of autism, a large case\u2013control investigation of underlying environmental and genetic causes for autism and triggers of regression has been launched. The CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) study will address a wide spectrum of chemical and biologic exposures, susceptibility factors, and their interactions. Phenotypic variation among children with autism will be explored, as will similarities and differences with developmental delay. The CHARGE study infrastructure includes detailed developmental assessments, medical information, questionnaire data, and biologic specimens. The CHARGE study is linked to University of California\u2013Davis Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health laboratories in immunology, xenobiotic measurement, cell signaling, genomics, and proteomics. The goals, study design, and data collection protocols are described, as well as preliminary demographic data on study participants and on diagnoses of those recruited through the California Department of Developmental Services Regional Center System.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,6]],"date-time":"2006-04-06T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1144328871000},"page":"1119-1125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":356,"title":["The CHARGE Study: An Epidemiologic Investigation of Genetic and Environmental\nFactors Contributing to Autism"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Irva","family":"Hertz-Picciotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and"},{"name":"Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and"},{"name":"Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"van de Water","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology\/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac N.","family":"Pessah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2013Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081311034703300_micit1","author":"Aman"},{"key":"2026081311034703300_micit2","author":"American Psychiatric Association"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2026081311034703300_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.07.036","article-title":"Is autism an autoimmune disease?","volume":"3","author":"Ashwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081311034703300_micit4","first-page":"165","article-title":"A review of autism and the immune response","volume":"11","author":"Ashwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2026081311034703300_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/0470869380.ch8","article-title":"The neuropathology of the autism spectrum disorders: what have we learned?","volume":"251","author":"Bauman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"2026081311034703300_micit6","author":"Bettelheim"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081311034703300_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022912115365","article-title":"Commentary: Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. 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