{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:38:29Z","timestamp":1790725109741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4140,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental data suggest that asthma exacerbation by ambient air pollutants is enhanced by exposure to endotoxin and allergens; however, there is little supporting epidemiologic evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated whether the association of exposure to air pollution with annual prevalence of chronic cough, phlegm production, or bronchitis was modified by dog and cat ownership (indicators of allergen and endotoxin exposure). The study population consisted of 475 Southern California children with asthma from a longitudinal cohort of participants in the Children\u2019s Health Study. We estimated average annual ambient exposure to nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter &amp;lt; 10, 2.5, and 10\u20132.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM10\u20132.5, respectively), elemental and organic carbon, and acid vapor from monitoring stations in each of the 12 study communities. Multivariate models were used to examine the effect of yearly variation of each pollutant. Effects were scaled to the variability that is common for each pollutant in representative communities in Southern California.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among children owning a dog, there were strong associations between bronchitic symptoms and all pollutants examined. Odds ratios ranged from 1.30 per 4.2 \u03bcg\/m3 for PM10\u20132.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91\u20131.87) to 1.91 per 1.2 \u03bcg\/m3 for organic carbon (95% CI, 1.34\u20132.71). Effects were somewhat larger among children who owned both a cat and dog. There were no effects or small effects with wide CIs among children without a dog and among children who owned only a cat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that dog ownership, a source of residential exposure to endotoxin, may worsen the relationship between air pollution and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,24]],"date-time":"2006-08-24T13:47:18Z","timestamp":1156427238000},"page":"1910-1915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Dog Ownership Enhances Symptomatic Responses to Air Pollution in Children with Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Rob","family":"McConnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiros","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jassy","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Gilliland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"K\u00fcnzli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. James","family":"Gauderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Avol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Rappaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026080607075600300_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70172-7","article-title":"School as a risk environment for children allergic to cats and a site for transfer of cat allergen to homes","volume":"103","author":"Almqvist","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080607075600300_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.036","article-title":"Dog allergen (Can f 1) and cat allergen (Fel d 1) in US homes: results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing","volume":"114","author":"Arbes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080607075600300_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-248OC","article-title":"Synergistic production of lung free radicals by diesel exhaust particles and endotoxin","volume":"171","author":"Arimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080607075600300_micit4","first-page":"414","article-title":"Statistical issues in studies of the long term effects of air pollution: The Southern California Children Health Study","volume":"19","author":"Berhane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080607075600300_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2002.120102.x","article-title":"Predictors of high endotoxin concentrations in the settled dust of German homes","volume":"12","author":"Bischof","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080607075600300_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9116984","article-title":"Respiratory health and long-term exposure to air pollutants in Swiss schoolchildren. 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