{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:43:26Z","timestamp":1789987406708,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4445,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) has been a major public health concern in North America since 1999, when the first outbreak in the Western Hemisphere occurred in New York City. As a result of this ongoing disease outbreak, management of mosquitoes that vector WNV throughout the United States and Canada has necessitated using insecticides in areas where they traditionally have not been used or have been used less frequently. This has resulted in concerns by the public about the risks from insecticide use. The objective of this study was to use reasonable worst-case risk assessment methodologies to evaluate human-health risks for WNV and the insecticides most commonly used to control adult mosquitoes. We evaluated documented health effects from WNV infection and determined potential population risks based on reported frequencies. We determined potential acute (1-day) and subchronic (90-day) multiroute residential exposures from each insecticide for several human subgroups during a WNV disease outbreak scenario. We then compared potential insecticide exposures to toxicologic and regulatory effect levels. Risk quotients (RQs, the ratio of exposure to toxicologic effect) were &amp;lt; 1.0 for all subgroups. Acute RQs ranged from 0.0004 to 0.4726, and subchronic RQs ranged from 0.00014 to 0.2074. Results from our risk assessment and the current weight of scientific evidence indicate that human-health risks from residential exposure to mosquito insecticides are low and are not likely to exceed levels of concern. Further, our results indicate that, based on human-health criteria, the risks from WNV exceed the risks from exposure to mosquito insecticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,28]],"date-time":"2005-10-28T12:01:03Z","timestamp":1130500863000},"page":"366-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["A Human-Health Risk Assessment for West Nile Virus and Insecticides Used in Mosquito Management"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Robert K.D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Biological Risk Assessment, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula A.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Biological Risk Assessment, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Biological Risk Assessment, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810314467400_micit1","author":"AMVAC"},{"key":"2026081810314467400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02694.x","article-title":"The West Nile virus encephalitis outbreak in the United States (1999\u20132000) \u2013 From Flushing, New York, to beyond its borders","volume":"951","author":"Asnis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026081810314467400_micit3","author":"Bayer Environmental 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Memorandum from SL Kinard, Y Yag, and S Ary, Health Effects Division, to J Guerry, Special Review and Reregistration Decision. 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