{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:43Z","timestamp":1786631863456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4252,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure has been associated with increased risk of liver and kidney cancer in both laboratory animal and epidemiologic studies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2001 draft TCE risk assessment concluded that it is difficult to determine which TCE metabolites may be responsible for these effects, the key events involved in their modes of action (MOAs), and the relevance of these MOAs to humans. In this article, which is part of a mini-monograph on key issues in the health risk assessment of TCE, we present a review of recently published scientific literature examining the effects of TCE metabolites in the context of the preceding questions. Studies of the TCE metabolites dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and chloral hydrate suggest that both DCA and TCA are involved in TCE-induced liver tumorigenesis and that many DCA effects are consistent with conditions that increase the risk of liver cancer in humans. Studies of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine have revealed a number of different possible cell signaling effects that may be related to kidney tumorigenesis at lower concentrations than those leading to cytotoxicity. Recent studies of trichloroethanol exploring an alternative hypothesis for kidney tumorigenesis have failed to establish the formation of formate as a key event for TCE-induced kidney tumors. Overall, although MOAs and key events for TCE-induced liver and kidney tumors have yet to be definitively established, these results support the likelihood that toxicity is due to multiple metabolites through several MOAs, none of which appear to be irrelevant to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]],"date-time":"2006-05-09T09:44:27Z","timestamp":1147167867000},"page":"1457-1463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Key Issues in the Modes of Action and Effects of Trichloroethylene Metabolites for Liver and Kidney Tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagalakshmi","family":"Keshava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.20.1472","article-title":"Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"88","author":"Adami","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.07.002","article-title":"Pharmacologic or genetic ablation of maleylacetoacetate isomerase increases levels of toxic tyrosine catabolites in rodents","volume":"66","author":"Ammini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.7.1103","article-title":"The impact of chromatin in human cancer: linking DNA methylation to gene silencing","volume":"23","author":"Ballestar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit4","first-page":"161","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma: sequential cellular, molecular, and metabolic changes","volume":"16","author":"Bannasch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Liver Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026080523025125900_micit5","first-page":"28","article-title":"Hormonal and hormone-like effects eliciting hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Bannasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit6","first-page":"134","article-title":"Significance of hepatic pre-neoplasia in risk identification and early detection of neoplasia","volume":"31","author":"Bannasch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit7","first-page":"223","article-title":"Significance of hepatic preneoplasia for cancer chemoprevention","volume":"154","author":"Bannasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"key":"2026080523025125900_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(01)00179-0","article-title":"DNA methylation of nuclear receptor genes\u2014possible role in malignancy","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080523025125900_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/20031910976","article-title":"La tyrosin\u00e9mie h\u00e9r\u00e9ditare: unemaladie du stress du reticulum endoplasmique? 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