{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:44:10Z","timestamp":1790340250702,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4309,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The postemergent herbicide propanil (PRN; also known as 3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is used on rice and wheat crops and has well-known immunotoxic effects on various compartments of the immune system, including T-helper lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages. It is unclear, however, whether PRN also adversely affects cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the primary (1\u00b0) effectors of cell-mediated immunity. In this study we examined both the direct and indirect effects of PRN exposure on CTL activation and effector cell function to gauge its likely impact on cell-mediated immunity. Initial experiments addressed whether PRN alters the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pathway for antigen processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby indirectly affecting effector function. These experiments demonstrated that PRN does not impair the activation of CTLs by PRN-treated APCs. Subsequent experiments addressed whether PRN treatment of CTLs directly inhibits their activation and revealed that 1\u00b0 alloreactive CTLs exposed to PRN are unimpaired in their proliferative response and only marginally inhibited in their lytic activity. Surprisingly, secondary stimulation of these alloreactive CTL effectors, however, even in the absence of further PRN exposure, resulted in complete abrogation of CTL lytic function and a delayed but significant long-term effect on CTL responsiveness. These findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of anomalies of cell-mediated immunity resulting from environmental exposure to various herbicides and other pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]],"date-time":"2006-03-13T11:24:31Z","timestamp":1142249071000},"page":"1059-1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Propanil Exposure Induces Delayed but Sustained Abrogation of Cell-Mediated\nImmunity through Direct Interference with Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte\nEffectors"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Sheil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Frankenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd D.","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Brundage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit1","first-page":"723","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of pesticides: perspectives and trends","volume":"34","author":"Banerjee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(89)90007-9","article-title":"Effect of acute propanil exposure on the immune response of C57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"12","author":"Barnett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(92)90124-Z","article-title":"Comparison of the immunotoxicity of propanil and its metabolite, 3,4-dichloroaniline, in\nC57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"18","author":"Barnett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-199310000-00006","article-title":"Antigen processing: where tumor-specific T-cell responses begin","volume":"14","author":"Bennink","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.1.268","article-title":"Allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes recognize conformational determinants\non hybrid mouse transplantation antigens","volume":"162","author":"Bluestone","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(94)90079-5","article-title":"Minimal requirements for peptide mediated activation of CD8+ CTL","volume":"31","author":"Brower","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health risk of 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III. Hybridoma antibodies\nreacting to antigens of the H-2b haplotype reveal genetic control of isotype\nexpression","volume":"126","author":"Ozato","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.111.2.389","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. IV. 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rodents","volume":"14","author":"Rodgers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199801)28:01<122::AID-IMMU122>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Down-regulation of the MHC class I antigen-processing machinery after oncogenic\ntransformation of murine fibroblasts","volume":"28","author":"Seliger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.11.3654","article-title":"Characterization of dual-reactive H-2Kb-restricted anti-vesicular stomatitus\nvirus and alloreactive cytotoxic T cells","volume":"138","author":"Sheil","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01561661","article-title":"Monoclonal anti-H-2Kb antibodies detect serological differences between\nH-2Kb mutants","volume":"12","author":"Sherman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/4040422","article-title":"3,4-Dichloropropionanilide for control of barnyardgrass in rice","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1961","journal-title":"Weeds"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-199308000-00003","article-title":"Identification of T-cell epitopes: rapid isolation of class I-presented\npeptides from viable cells by mild acid elution","volume":"14","author":"Storkus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90175-X","article-title":"A simple method to eliminate the antigenicity of surface class I MHC molecules\nfrom the membrane of viable cells by acid treatment at pH 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Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098158548","article-title":"Cytokine production by C57BL\/6 mouse spleen cells is selectively reduced\nby exposure to propanil","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026081311034600100_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399509532027","article-title":"Changes in primary and secondary lymphoid organ T-cell subpopulations resulting\nfrom acute in vivo exposure to propanil","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/114\/7\/1059\/66530144\/ehp.8774.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/114\/7\/1059\/66530144\/ehp.8774.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:06:49Z","timestamp":1786633609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article\/114\/7\/1059\/5249073\/Propanil-Exposure-Induces-Delayed-but-Sustained"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]]}}}