{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:48:15Z","timestamp":1790279295878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4323,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Satratoxin G (SG) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, the \u201cblack mold\u201d suggested to contribute etiologically to illnesses associated with water-damaged buildings. Using an intranasal instillation model in mice, we found that acute SG exposure specifically induced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium. Dose\u2013response analysis revealed that the no-effect and lowest-effect levels at 24 hr postinstillation (PI) were 5 and 25 \u03bcg\/kg body weight (bw) SG, respectively, with severity increasing with dose. Apoptosis of OSNs was identified using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 expression, electron microscopy for ultrastructural cellular morphology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for elevated expression of the proapoptotic genes Fas, FasL, p75NGFR, p53, Bax, caspase-3, and CAD. Time-course studies with a single instillation of SG (500 \u03bcg\/kg bw) indicated that maximum atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurred at 3 days PI. Exposure to lower doses (100 \u03bcg\/kg bw) for 5 consecutive days resulted in similar atrophy and apoptosis, suggesting that in the short term, these effects are cumulative. SG also induced an acute, neutrophilic rhinitis as early as 24 hr PI. Elevated mRNA expression for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 and the chemokine macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) were detected at 24 hr PI in both the ethmoid turbinates of the nasal airways and the adjacent olfactory bulb of the brain. Marked atrophy of the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb was also detectable by 7 days PI along with mild neutrophilic encephalitis. These findings suggest that neurotoxicity and inflammation within the nose and brain are potential adverse health effects of exposure to satratoxins and Stachybotrys in the indoor air of water-damaged buildings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,27]],"date-time":"2006-02-27T14:16:12Z","timestamp":1141049772000},"page":"1099-1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Satratoxin G from the Black Mold\n                    <i>Stachybotrys chartarum<\/i>\n                    Evokes Olfactory Sensory Neuron Loss and Inflammation in the Murine Nose\nand Brain"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Zahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack R.","family":"Harkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Pestka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081311035405900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1040389","article-title":"Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit mRNA and protein expression in\nrats with puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Audige","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sci 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