{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:17:45Z","timestamp":1791040665287,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4334,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To reveal the effects of cadmium exposure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, we examined the expression and function of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78), an ER-resident molecular chaperone, in LLC-PK1 cells. In cells treated with 10 \u03bcM cadmium chloride, Grp78 protein levels increased after 6 hr and remained elevated at 24 hr. When cells were incubated with 1\u201320 \u03bcM CdCl2 for 6 hr, Grp78 increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Grp78 mRNA levels were elevated in response to CdCl2 exposure. After exposure to 10 \u03bcM CdCl2, the levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) were increased at 2 hr, with a further enhancement after that; this accumulation followed the transient but marked phosphorylation of the \u03b1 subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2\u03b1) on serine 51. Although ATF4 mRNA levels increased mildly by CdCl2 exposure, treatment with actinomycin D did not suppress CdCl2-induced accumulation of ATF4 protein, suggesting the involvement of posttranscriptional and, in part, transcriptional mechanisms. Compared with other heavy-metal compounds such as manganese chloride, zinc chloride, mercuric chloride, and lead chloride, CdCl2 could increase the levels of Grp78, ATF4, and the phosphorylated form of eIF2\u03b1 more markedly without definite cellular damage. The silencing of Grp78 expression using short-interference RNA enhanced CdCl2-induced cellular damage. These results show that cadmium induces the expression of Grp78 probably via phosphorylation of eIF2\u03b1 and resultant translation of ATF4, and this ER stress response plays a role in protection against cadmium cytotoxicity in this renal epithelial cell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]],"date-time":"2006-02-16T13:20:41Z","timestamp":1140096041000},"page":"859-864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Cadmium Induces the Expression of Grp78, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Molecular Chaperone, in LLC-PK1 Renal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Inageda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Nishitai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080607093720100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3220793","article-title":"Study of the interactions of cadmium and zinc ions with cellular calcium homoeostasis using 19F-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"322","author":"Benters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026080607093720100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(03)00127-1","article-title":"Calcium dynamics and endoplasmic reticular function in the regulation of protein synthesis: implications for cell growth and adaptability","volume":"34","author":"Brostrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"2026080607093720100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1996.0314","article-title":"Analysis of metal-regulated metallo-thionein and heat shock gene expression in HeLa-derived cadmium-resistant cells","volume":"228","author":"Cigliano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2026080607093720100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590925447","article-title":"Expression of stress-related genes in a cadmium-resistant A549 human cell line","volume":"68","author":"Croute","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026080607093720100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16111","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.27.16111","article-title":"Inhibition of HSP70 expression by calcium ionophore A23187 in human cells. 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