{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:17:32Z","timestamp":1789024652939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4265,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the growing body of evidence showing adverse health effects from inhalation exposure to the trichothecene-producing mold Stachybotrys chartarum, controversy remains. Currently, there are no reliable assays suitable for clinical diagnosis of exposure. We hypothesized that satratoxin G (SG)\u2013albumin adducts may serve as biomarkers of exposure to this fungus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the formation of adducts of SG with serum albumin in vitro using Western blots and mass spectrometry (MS) and searched for similar adducts formed in vivo using human and animal serum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples of purified human serum albumin that had been incubated with increasing concentrations of SG showed concentration-dependent albumin bands in Western blots developed with anti-SG antibodies. MS analysis found that as many as 10 toxin molecules can be bound in vitro to one albumin molecule. The sequencing of albumin-adduct tryptic peptides and the analysis of pronase\/aminopeptidase digests demonstrated that lysyl, cysteinyl, and histidyl residues are involved in the formation of these adducts. Serum samples from three patients with documented exposure to S. chartarum similarly revealed lysine\u2013, cysteine\u2013, and histidine\u2013SG adducts after exhaustive digestion, affinity column enrichment, and MS analysis. These adducts were also found in the sera from rats exposed to the spores of S. chartarum in contrast to control human subjects and control animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data document the occurrence of SG\u2013albumin adducts in both in vitro experiments and in vivo human and animal exposures to S. chartarum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SG\u2013amino acid adducts may serve as reliable dosimeter biomarkers for detection of exposure to S. chartarum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,26]],"date-time":"2006-04-26T15:43:24Z","timestamp":1146066204000},"page":"1221-1226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mycotoxin Adducts on Human Serum Albumin: Biomarkers of Exposure to\n                    <i>Stachybotrys chartarum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Yike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"},{"name":"Mary Ann Swetland Center for Environmental Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Distler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assem G.","family":"Ziady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorr G.","family":"Dearborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"},{"name":"Mary Ann Swetland Center for Environmental Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081311025437900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2003.11833204","article-title":"Characterization of Stachybotrys from water-damaged buildings based on morphology, growth, and metabolite\nproduction","volume":"94","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"2026081311025437900_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)93460-3","article-title":"Nomenclature for peptide fragment ions (positive 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