{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:36:54Z","timestamp":1791232614886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4194,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or persisting within 500 m of each subject\u2019s home during gestational weeks 6 to 16. We restricted our analyses to 38 pesticides with some evidence of reproductive, developmental, estrogenic, and\/or antiandrogenic effects. We estimated timing of pesticide applications using crop phenology and published records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gestational age at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83\u20130.99], parity (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65\u20130.95), and delaying prenatal care until the third trimester (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46\u201311.23) were significantly associated with hypospadias. Risk of hypospadias increased by 8% for every 0.05-pound increase in estimated exposure to diclofop-methyl use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.15). Pesticide applications in aggregate (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70\u20130.96) and applications of alachlor (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35\u20130.89) and permethrin (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16\u20130.86) were negatively associated with hypospadias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Except for diclofop-methyl, we did not find evidence that estimated exposure to pesticides known to have reproductive, developmental, or endocrine-disrupting effects increases risk of hypospadias. Further research on the potential effects of exposure to diclofop-methyl is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]],"date-time":"2006-07-06T10:40:23Z","timestamp":1152182423000},"page":"1589-1595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Agricultural Pesticide Use and Hypospadias in Eastern Arkansas"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Kristy J.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.N. Rao","family":"Veeramachaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget S.","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Nuckols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort 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