{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:14:12Z","timestamp":1790046852496,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4043,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Airborne particles have been linked to pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation. Because these effects may be particularly great for traffic-related particles, we examined associations between particle exposures and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in a study of 44 senior citizens, which involved repeated trips aboard a diesel bus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples of FENO collected before and after the trips were regressed against microenvironmental and ambient particle concentrations using mixed models controlling for subject, day, trip, vitamins, collection device, mold, pollen, room air nitric oxide, apparent temperature, and time to analysis. Although ambient concentrations were collected at a fixed location, continuous group-level personal samples characterized microenvironmental exposures throughout facility and trip periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In pre-trip samples, both microenvironmental and ambient exposures to fine particles were positively associated with FENO. For example, an interquartile increase of 4 \u03bcg\/m3 in the daily microenvironmental PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 13% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2\u201324%) increase in FENO. After the trips, however, FENO concentrations were associated pre-dominantly with microenvironmental exposures, with significant associations for concentrations measured throughout the whole day. Associations with exposures during the trip also were strong and statistically significant with a 24% (95% CI, 15\u201334%) increase in FENO predicted per interquartile increase of 9 \u03bcg\/m3 in PM2.5. Although pre-trip findings were generally robust, our post-trip findings were sensitive to several influential days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fine particle exposures resulted in increased levels of FENO in elderly adults, suggestive of increased airway inflammation. These associations were best assessed by microenvironmental exposure measurements during periods of high personal particle exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]],"date-time":"2006-12-04T12:47:46Z","timestamp":1165236466000},"page":"507-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ambient and Microenvironmental Particles and Exhaled Nitric Oxide Before and After a Group Bus Trip"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Sara Dubowsky","family":"Adar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Adamkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026080608093091700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.006445","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure and exhaled nitric oxide in an elderly population","volume":"59","author":"Adamkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080608093091700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000249409.81050.46","article-title":"Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly","volume":"18","author":"Adar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080608093091700_micit3","first-page":"811","article-title":"ATS\/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide","volume":"173","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112210.68754.fa","article-title":"Who is sensitive to the effects of particulate air pollution on mortality? A case-crossover analysis of effect modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Bateson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080608093091700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2004.00157.x","article-title":"Self-reported traffic density and atopic disease in children. Results of the ISAAC Phase III survey in Muenster, Germany","volume":"15","author":"Behrens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080608093091700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200108-007OC","article-title":"Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children","volume":"166","author":"Brauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080608093091700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.11.771","article-title":"Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children","volume":"55","author":"Ciccone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"9341","key":"2026080608093091700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11281-5","article-title":"Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study","volume":"360","author":"Clancy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8469","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension may enhance associations between air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation","volume":"114","author":"Dubowsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080608093091700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0320-x","article-title":"Association between exhaled nitric oxide, ambient air pollution and respiratory health in school children","volume":"75","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000082045.50073.66","article-title":"Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in US veterans","volume":"14","author":"Garshick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080608093091700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9911115","article-title":"Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers","volume":"162","author":"Ghio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit13","first-page":"487","article-title":"Identification of persons with cardiorespiratory conditions who are at risk of dying from the acute effects of ambient air particles","volume":"109","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2026080608093091700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439470","article-title":"Altered heart-rate variability in asthmatic and healthy volunteers exposed to concentrated ambient coarse particles","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110749","article-title":"Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation","volume":"110","author":"Gurgueira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.033977","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution as a determinant of asthma among Taiwanese school children","volume":"60","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080608093091700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8153","article-title":"Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease","volume":"113","author":"Jansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6243","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren","volume":"111","author":"Janssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080608093091700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200109000-00011","article-title":"Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project","volume":"12","author":"Katsouyanni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080608093091700_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-281OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution near busy roads\u2014the East Bay children\u2019s respiratory health study","volume":"170","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6160","article-title":"Measurement of offline exhaled nitric oxide in a study of community exposure to air pollution","volume":"111","author":"Koenig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00073-2","article-title":"Involvement of superoxide and nitric oxide on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness induced by diesel exhaust particles in mice","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080608093091700_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","article-title":"The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation","volume":"129","author":"Mickey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0569-3","article-title":"Traffic air pollution and hospital admission for asthma: a case-control approach in a Turin (Italy) population","volume":"78","author":"Migliaretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080608093091700_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2546-b","article-title":"Relationship between ambient ozone and exhaled nitric oxide in children","volume":"290","author":"Nickmilder","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00041103a","article-title":"Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children","volume":"21","author":"Nicolai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080608093091700_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1993.9938393","article-title":"Respiratory health associated with exposure to automobile exhaust 1. Results of cross-sectional studies in 1979, 1982, and 1983","volume":"48","author":"Nitta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1076","article-title":"Nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air after experimental ozone exposure in humans","volume":"95","author":"Olin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080608093091700_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg096","article-title":"Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities","volume":"157","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.2.175","article-title":"Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways","volume":"58","author":"Ricciardolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080608093091700_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012143432401","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987\u20131994","volume":"343","author":"Samet","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080608093091700_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.4.826","article-title":"Particulate air-pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle","volume":"147","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Resp Dis"},{"issue":"8943","key":"2026080608093091700_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90173-6","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and acute health effects","volume":"345","author":"Seaton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000070928","article-title":"Acute effect of air pollution on respiratory complaints, exhaled NO and biomarkers in nasal lavages of allergic children during the pollen season","volume":"131","author":"Steerenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Arch Aller Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890109604069","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution affects peak expiratory flow, exhaled nitric oxide, and inflammatory nasal markers","volume":"56","author":"Steerenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026080608093091700_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(99)00104-3","article-title":"Manipulation of the l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in airway inflammation induced by diesel exhaust particles in mice","volume":"139","author":"Takano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080608093091700_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.11.e15","article-title":"The effect of sulphurous air pollutant exposures on symptoms, lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, and nasal epithelial lining fluid antioxidant concentrations in normal and asthmatic adults","volume":"60","author":"Tunnicliffe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890009604040","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide: a novel biomarker of adverse respiratory health effects in epidemiological studies","volume":"55","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080608093091700_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602496","article-title":"Air pollution is associated with increased level of exhaled nitric oxide in nonsmoking healthy subjects","volume":"54","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080608093091700_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2010160","article-title":"Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM10)","volume":"164","author":"van Eeden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080608093091700_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3757","article-title":"Motor vehicle exhaust and chronic respiratory symptoms in children living near freeways","volume":"74","author":"van Vliet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080608093091700_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.017228","article-title":"Proximity of the home to roads and the risk of wheeze in an Ethiopian population","volume":"62","author":"Venn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080608093091700_micit43","author":"Ward"},{"issue":"6904","key":"2026080608093091700_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6904.596","article-title":"Road traffic and adverse-effects on respiratory health in children","volume":"307","author":"Wjst","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/507\/66436494\/ehp.9386.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/115\/4\/507\/66436494\/ehp.9386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:53:39Z","timestamp":1786629219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.9386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9386","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,4]]}}}