{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:44:32Z","timestamp":1786632272267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4029,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is widely recognized that blood lead concentrations are higher in the summer than in winter. Although the effects of some environmental factors such as lead in dust on this phenomenon have been studied, relationships to sunlight-induced vitamin D synthesis have not been adequately investigated. Vitamin D status is influenced by the diet, sunlight exposure, age, skin pigmentation, and other factors, and may modify gastrointestinal lead absorption or release of lead stored in bones into the bloodstream.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected paired blood samples from 142 young, urban African-American and Hispanic children in the winter and summer to study the seasonal increase in blood lead and its relationships to vitamin D nutrition, age, and race.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A winter\/summer (W\/S) increase in blood lead concentrations of 32.4% was found for children 1\u20133 years of age. There was a smaller W\/S increase of 13.0% in children 4\u20138 years of age. None of the 51 Hispanic children had an elevated blood lead concentration (\u2265 10 \u03bcg\/dL) during the winter, and only one had an elevated summertime concentration. In contrast, elevated blood lead concentrations were frequent in the 91 African-American children, especially those 1\u20133 years of age. For the latter, the percentage with elevated blood lead levels increased from 12.2% in winter to 22.5% in summer. A 1.2% W\/S increase in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (serum 25-OH-D) concentrations was found for children 1\u20133 years of age. However, in children 4\u20138 years of age the W\/S increase in serum 25-OH-D was much larger\u201433.6%. The percentages of children with low (&amp;lt; 16 \u03bcg\/L) serum 25-OH-D concentrations were 12.0% in winter and 0.7% in summer and were consistently greater in African-American than in Hispanic children. The seasonal increases in blood lead and serum 25-OH-D in children 4\u20138 years of age were significantly associated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The higher summertime serum 25-OH-D concentrations for the 4- to 8-year-old children are likely caused by increased sunlight-induced vitamin D synthesis and may contribute to the seasonal increase in blood lead. Age and race are key factors that affect blood lead and vitamin D nutrition, as well as their interactions, in young urban children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T14:13:01Z","timestamp":1166451181000},"page":"630-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Elevated Blood Lead Concentrations and Vitamin D Deficiency in Winter and Summer in Young Urban Children"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Francis W.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad V.S.V.","family":"Neti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey\u2013New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, 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