{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:06:38Z","timestamp":1790791598324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3965,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 1997, Fallon, Nevada, has experienced a cluster of childhood leukemia that has been declared \u201cone of the most unique clusters of childhood cancer ever reported.\u201d Multiple environmental studies have shown airborne tungsten and cobalt to be elevated within Fallon, but the question remains: Have these metals changed through time in correspondence with the onset of the leukemia cluster?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used dendrochemistry, the study of element concentrations through time in tree rings, in Fallon to assess temporal variability of airborne tungsten and cobalt since the late 1980s. The techniques used in Fallon were also tested in a different town (Sweet Home, OR) that has airborne tungsten from a known source.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Sweet Home test case confirms the accuracy of dendrochemistry for showing temporal variability of environmental tungsten. Given that dendrochemistry works for tungsten, tree-ring chemistry shows that tungsten increased in Fallon relative to nearby comparison towns beginning by the mid-1990s, slightly before the onset of the cluster, and cobalt has been high throughout the last ~ 15 years. Other metals do not show trends through time in Fallon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results in Fallon suggest a temporal correspondence between the onset of excessive childhood leukemia and elevated levels of tungsten and cobalt. Although environmental data alone cannot directly link childhood leukemia with exposure to metals, research by others has shown that combined exposure to tungsten and cobalt can be carcinogenic to humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continued biomedical research is warranted to directly test for linkage between childhood leukemia and tungsten and cobalt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T14:20:54Z","timestamp":1171894854000},"page":"715-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Temporal Variability of Tungsten and Cobalt in Fallon, Nevada"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Speakman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Ridenour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Fallon, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Witten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00170a733","article-title":"Tapping tree rings for the environmental tales they tell","volume":"60","author":"Amato","year":"1988","journal-title":"Analyt Chem"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit2","author":"ATSDR"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit3","author":"ATSDR"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit4","author":"ATSDR"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit5","author":"ATSDR"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit6","author":"ATSDR"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit7","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit8","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit9","author":"Expert Panel"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1991.00472425002000010022x","article-title":"Long-term correlations between mining activity and levels of lead and cadmium in tree-rings of eastern red-cedar","volume":"20","author":"Guyette","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit11","author":"Hagemeyer"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/16.6.591","article-title":"Radial distributions of Pb in stems of young Norway spruce trees grown in Pb-contaminated soil","volume":"16","author":"Hagemeyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tree Phys"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit13","author":"Harris"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit14"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A797","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.112-a797","article-title":"Childhood leukemia, military aviation facilities, and population mixing","volume":"112","author":"Kinlen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601982","article-title":"Population mixing and childhood leukaemia: Fallon and other US clusters","volume":"91","author":"Kinlen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit17","author":"Kramer"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90277-Y","article-title":"Comparative study of the acute lung toxicity of pure cobalt powder and cobalt-tungsten carbide mixture in rat","volume":"112","author":"Lasfargues","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit19","author":"Lewis"},{"key":"2026080503050370500_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00477263","article-title":"Mercury concentrations in tree rings of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. 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