{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:47:48Z","timestamp":1791388068854,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4064,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Air pollution exposure induces short-term inflammatory changes that may determine hyperhomocysteinemia, particularly in the presence of a preexisting proinflammatory status such as that found in cigarette smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the relation of air pollution levels with fasting and postmethionine-load total homocysteine (tHcy) in 1,213 normal subjects from Lombardia, Italy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained hourly concentrations of particulate matter &amp;lt; 10 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone) from 53 monitoring sites covering the study area. We applied generalized additive models to compute standardized regression coefficients controlled for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, hormone use, temperature, day of the year, and long-term trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated difference in tHcy associated with an interquartile increase in average PM10 concentrations in the 24 hr before the study was nonsignificant [0.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), \u22122.4 to 3.3 for fasting; and 1.1%, 95% CI, \u22121.5 to 3.7 for postmethionine-load tHcy]. In smokers, 24-hr PM10 levels were associated with 6.3% (95% CI, 1.3 to 11.6; p &amp;lt; 0.05) and 4.9% (95% CI, 0.5 to 9.6; p &amp;lt; 0.05) increases in fasting and postmethionine-load tHcy, respectively, but no association was seen in nonsmokers (p-interaction = 0.005 for fasting and 0.039 for postmethionine-load tHcy). Average 24-hr O3 concentrations were associated with significant differences in fasting tHcy (6.7%; 95% CI, 0.9 to 12.8; p &amp;lt; 0.05), but no consistent associations were found when postmethionine-load tHcy and\/or 7-day average O3 concentrations were considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air particles may interact with cigarette smoking and increase plasma homocysteine in healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,13]],"date-time":"2006-11-13T12:56:33Z","timestamp":1163422593000},"page":"176-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Air Pollution, Smoking, and Plasma Homocysteine"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Baccarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation and University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Milan and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation and University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Lanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency ARPA Lombardia, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Mannuccio","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Milan and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Alberto","family":"Bertazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation and University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080523025903600_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1363","article-title":"Ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects as determined by airway lavage and biopsy","volume":"148","author":"Aris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026080523025903600_micit2","author":"ARPA Lombardia"},{"key":"2026080523025903600_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.02300.x","article-title":"Effects of exposure to air pollution on blood coagulation","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026080523025903600_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.3.8630571","article-title":"Ozone-induced decrements in FEV1 and FVC do not correlate with measures of inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Balmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080523025903600_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112210.68754.fa","article-title":"Who is sensitive to the effects of particulate air pollution on mortality? 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