{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:19:42Z","timestamp":1787030382314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3994,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In deciding among competing approaches for emissions control, debates often hinge on the potential tradeoffs between efficiency and equity. However, previous health benefits analyses have not formally addressed both dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We modeled the public health benefits and the change in the spatial inequality of health risk for a number of hypothetical control scenarios for power plants in the United States to determine optimal control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We simulated various ways by which emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter (particulate matter &amp;lt; 2.5 \u03bcm in diameter; PM2.5) could be distributed to reach national emissions caps. We applied a source\u2013receptor matrix to determine the PM2.5 concentration changes associated with each control scenario and estimated the mortality reductions. We estimated changes in the spatial inequality of health risk using the Atkinson index and other indicators, following previously derived axioms for measuring health risk inequality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our baseline model, benefits ranged from 17,000\u201321,000 fewer premature deaths per year across control scenarios. Scenarios with greater health benefits also tended to have greater reductions in the spatial inequality of health risk, as many sources with high health benefits per unit emissions of SO2 were in areas with high background PM2.5 concentrations. Sensitivity analyses indicated that conclusions were generally robust to the choice of indicator and other model specifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis demonstrates an approach for formally quantifying both the magnitude and spatial distribution of health benefits of pollution control strategies, allowing for joint consideration of efficiency and equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]],"date-time":"2007-01-22T13:48:54Z","timestamp":1169473734000},"page":"743-750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Quantifying the Efficiency and Equity Implications of Power Plant Air Pollution Control Strategies in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Jonathan I.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, and Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, and Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard M.","family":"Zwack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, and Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit1","author":"Abt Associates"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit2","author":"Abt Associates, ICF Consulting, E.H. Pechan Associates"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7609","article-title":"Socioeconomic and racial disparities in cancer risk from air toxics in Maryland","volume":"113","author":"Apelberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(70)90039-6","article-title":"On the measurement of inequality","volume":"2","author":"Atkinson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Econ Theory"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit5","first-page":"44","article-title":"Race and environmental equity: a geographic analysis in Los Angeles","volume":"3","author":"Burke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geogr Inf Syst"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1021\/es9902726","article-title":"Environmental effects of SO2 trading and banking","volume":"33","author":"Burtraw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit7","author":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892901000352","article-title":"Emissions trading and environmental justice: distributive fairness and the USA\u2019s Acid Rain Programme","volume":"28","author":"Corburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Conserv"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.102802.124348","article-title":"Emission trading and public health","volume":"25","author":"Farrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(97)10014-X","article-title":"Not to decide is to decide: ignoring susceptibility is not \u2018good science\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Finkel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1990.tb01050.x","article-title":"A simple formula for calculating the mass density of a lognormally distributed characteristic\u2014applications to risk analysis","volume":"10","author":"Finkel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1068\/a36225","article-title":"Inequity measures for evaluations of environmental justice: a case study of close proximity to highways in NYC","volume":"37","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)00044-0","article-title":"The relationship of income inequality to mortality: does the choice of indicator matter?","volume":"45","author":"Kawachi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-5-2","article-title":"Incorporating concepts of inequality and inequity into health benefits analysis","volume":"5","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021101253","article-title":"The importance of population susceptibility for air pollution risk assessment: A case study of power plants near Washington, DC","volume":"110","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1021\/es034484l","article-title":"Estimation of primary and secondary particulate matter intake fractions for power plants in Georgia","volume":"37","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026080503051254700_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2289","article-title":"Segregation and black\/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990","volume":"110","author":"Lopez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-1-1","article-title":"Annotated bibliography on equity in health, 1980\u20132001","volume":"1","author":"Macinko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/13504850110062031","article-title":"An environmental Paglin-Gini","volume":"9","author":"Millimet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Econ Lett"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9787.00251","article-title":"Environmental compliance costs and the distribution of emissions in the U.S","volume":"42","author":"Millimet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reg Sci"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8500","article-title":"Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas","volume":"114","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1021\/es00001a008","article-title":"Distribution of industrial air emissions by income and race in the United States: an approach using the Toxic Release Inventory","volume":"29","author":"Perlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit23","first-page":"294","article-title":"Who bears the burdens of environmental pollution? Race, ethnicity, and environmental equity in Florida","volume":"76","author":"Pollack","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500023","article-title":"GIS-based measures of environmental equity: exploring their sensitivity and significance","volume":"9","author":"Sheppard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/00139150009605756","article-title":"Emissions trading systems and environmental justice","volume":"42","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit27","first-page":"309","article-title":"How environmental laws work: an analysis of the utility sector\u2019s response to regulations of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide under the Clean Air Act","volume":"14","author":"Swift","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tulane Environ Law J"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit28","author":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit29","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit30","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit31","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit32","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit33","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit34","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit35","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit36","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit37","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit38","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit39","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit40","author":"U.S. EPA"},{"key":"2026080503051254700_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2003.2.02","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis and the distributional consequences of government projects","volume":"56","author":"Yitzhaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Tax J"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/115\/5\/743\/66396657\/ehp.9712.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/115\/5\/743\/66396657\/ehp.9712.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:45:17Z","timestamp":1786628717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.9712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9712","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,22]]}}}