{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:00:05Z","timestamp":1791270005264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3865,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in Western countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because the prevalence of cryptorchidism appears to be increasing, we investigated whether exposure to PBDEs was associated with testicular maldescent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective Danish\u2013Finnish study, 1997\u20132001, all boys were examined for cryptorchidism. We analyzed whole placentas (for 95 cryptorchid\/185 healthy boys) and individual breast milk samples (62\/68) for 14 PBDEs and infant serum samples for gonadotropins, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 86 placenta\u2013milk pairs, placenta PBDE concentrations in fat were lower than in breast milk, and a larger number of congeners were nondetectable. There was no significant difference between boys with and without cryptorchidism for individual congeners, the sum of 5 most prevalent, or all 14 congeners. The concentration of PBDEs in breast milk was significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism than in controls (sum of BDEs 47, 153, 99, 100, 28, 66, and 154: median, 4.16 vs. 3.16 ng\/g fat; p &amp;lt; 0.007). There was a positive correlation between the sum of PBDEs and serum luteinizing hormone (p &amp;lt; 0.033). The sum of PBDEs in breast milk did not differ between Denmark and Finland (median, 3.52 vs. 3.44 ng\/g fat), but significant differences in some individual congeners were found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two different proxies were used for prenatal PBDE exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. Other environmental factors may contribute to cryptorchidism. Our observations are of concern because human exposure to PBDEs is high in some geographic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,29]],"date-time":"2007-05-29T14:45:20Z","timestamp":1180449920000},"page":"1519-1526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":325,"title":["Flame Retardants in Placenta and Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism in Newborn Boys"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Katharina Maria","family":"Main","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Kiviranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Eeva","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erno","family":"Sundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouni Tapio","family":"Tuomisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Tuomisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terttu","family":"Vartiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Sciences, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Erik","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry\n          . 2004. Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs). Available: www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp68.htmlaccessed 30 March 2007."},{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00121-1","article-title":"An overview of commercially used brominated flame-retardants, their application, their use in different countries\/regions and possible modes of release","volume":"29","author":"Alaee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit3","first-page":"675","article-title":"Longitudinal reproductive hormone profiles in infants: peak of inhibin B levels in infant boys exceeds levels in adult men","volume":"83","author":"Andersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6559.1401","article-title":"Cryptorchidism: an apparent substantial increase since 1960. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group","volume":"293","author":"[Anonymous]","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.5630010404","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs","volume":"1","author":"[Anonymous]","year":"2005","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"2026080504052737500_micit6","volume-title":"Interlaboratory Comparison on Dioxins in Food 2001. 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