{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:31:28Z","timestamp":1786631488498,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health Perspect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1289\/ehp11095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T11:47:01Z","timestamp":1678880821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Using Parametric g-Computation to Estimate the Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on Mortality Risk and Simulate the Benefits of Hypothetical Policies: The Canadian Community Health Survey Cohort (2005 to 2015)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall V.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tjepkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Kirby-McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay S.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Benmarhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0518-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba5692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00168-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2015.1020396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.12.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.02.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000261472.07150.4f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2018-110972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Causal Inference: What If","author":"Hern\u00e1n MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Robins JM. 2020. Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818ef366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815678116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0670OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2007. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.1. Last modified 24 October 2007. https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=3359 [accessed 26 September 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2007. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 2.1. Last modified 24 October 2007. https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=4995 [accessed 26 September 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2007. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 3.1. Last modified 24 October 2007. https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=22642 [accessed 26 September 2021]."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Mortality Database: an enhanced data source for the study of mortality","volume":"27","author":"Sanmartin C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanmartin C, Decady Y, Trudeau R, Dasylva A, Tjepkema M, Fin\u00e8s P, et\u00a0al. 2016. Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Mortality Database: an enhanced data source for the study of mortality. Health Rep 27(12):10\u201318, PMID: 28002578.","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization). 1978. International Statistical Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision Basic Tabulation List with Alphabetic Index . http:\/\/apps.who.int\/classifications\/icd10\/browse\/2016\/en [accessed 8 March 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2016. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision . https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/39473 [accessed 8 March 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6557778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. n.d. Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards. https:\/\/ccme.ca\/en\/air-quality-report#slide-7 [accessed 11 June 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0111-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Ontario Community Health Profiles Partnership. 2020. Canadian Marginalization Index (CAN-Marg). http:\/\/www.ontariohealthprofiles.ca\/canmargCAN.php [accessed 14 October 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","unstructured":"Health Canada. 2021. Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Canada: Estimates of Morbidity and Premature Mortality Outcomes\u20142021 Report . https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/2021-health-effects-indoor-air-pollution.html [accessed 17 June 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01619.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0398-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38985.564317.7C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0140-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0164-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"Robins JM Wasserman LA. 1997. Estimation of effects of sequential treatments by reparameterizing directed acyclic graphs. Proceedings of the thirteenth conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0153-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac191"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/doi\/pdf\/10.1289\/EHP11095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1786628651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP11095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1289\/EHP11095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp11095","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.02.06.23285546","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"article-number":"037010"}}