{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:04:02Z","timestamp":1792814642721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82273717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA0915101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA0915101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BACKGROUND: China is an important producer and consumer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but there is limited understanding of longitudinal trends of PFASs in Chinese people. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated decadal trends in PFAS and potential sources of exposure in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort of Chinese people and explored the potential misclassification bias. METHODS: We repeatedly measured serum PFAS (containing 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 9 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), 6 PFAS precursors, and 4 PFAS alternatives) in 648 samples (collected in 2008, 2013, and 2018) from 216 Chinese residents in Hubei Province. We used a linear mixed effect model to examine trends in PFAS concentrations over survey time We also assessed the potential exposure sources of PFAS using a principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model. RESULTS: Eleven PFAS were detected in at least 80% of the population, with PFOS, PFOA, and 6:2CL-PFESA being the predominant PFAS. We found a slight decrease in linear-PFOS during the 10-year period; at the same time, the levels of PFOA doubled, and the detection rate of short-chain PFCAs (PFBA, PFHpA) rose. 6:2CL-PFESA (China-specific PFAS alternative) remained high for a decade. Similar correlation trends between PFAS were observed at three time points. Comparison of our findings with those from other studies suggests the study population was exposed to three potential sources of contamination, which may represent ingestion of contaminated diets, long-range transport of atmospheric PFAS, and exposures acquired from dust, drinking water, and daily commodities. We found that serum PFAS measurement at one time point was similar to levels over a 5-year period but not a 10-year period. DISCUSSION: Our study provides information on serum PFAS levels in Chinese retired workers in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort and highlights that the risk of exposure to novel PFCAs and PFAS alternatives deserves continued attention. For longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up (e.g., more than 5 years), relying only on a single baseline serum PFAS level may generate misclassification bias resulting in expected bias toward the null and affect the estimation of health effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/ehp.6c00847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:03:33Z","timestamp":1783011813000},"page":"532-546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Trends in Serum Levels\nof Emerging and Legacy Per-\nand Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from 2008 to 2018: A Longitudinal Study\nin China"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-6527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junya","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6580","key":"2026090306410157900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg9065","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl\nsubstances in the environment","volume":"375","author":"Evich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090306410157900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11172","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02765","article-title":"Outside the\nSafe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFAS)","volume":"56","author":"Cousins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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